YT ,0^1 NINTH ANNUAL Iowa Year Book of Agriculture Issued by the Iowa Department of Agriculture 1908 LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN. DES MOINES: EMORY H. ENGLISH, STATE PRINTER E. D. CHASSELL, STATE BINDER 1909 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Office of Iowa State Department of Agriculture^ Des Moines, loiva, February 10, 1909. To His Excellency, B. F. Carroll, Governor of loiva : Sir: — I have the honor to transmit herewith the Ninth Annual Iowa Year Book of Agriculture, for the year 1908. Respectfully submitted, JOHN C. SIMPSON, Secretary State Board of Agriculture. A. L. PLUMMER. Altoona, Iowa, Exhibitor of the Grand Sweepstakes Ten Ears of Corn and winner of the "Whiting Trophy" at the Iowa Corn Growers Association, Ames, Iowa, January, 1909. INTRODUCTORY A perusal of the contents of the Ninth Annual Iowa Year Book of Agriculture for the year 1908 will be interesting, and we trust instructive. It contains sixteen subdivisions. Preceding Part I is a condensed statistical table showing briefly why Iowa stands out pre-eminently as the greatest agricultural state in the Union. These tables were prepared in the office of the Iowa Department of Agri- culture and will be continued yearly. The Thirty-third General Assembly did not see fit to provide addi- tional funds for })roadening the scope of the work in this Depart- ment. This action is much to be regretted and we think future general assemblies will deal more liberally with the Department. An amendment to the manner of filing reports by the farmers' institutes was passed whereby all future reports are made direct to the secretary of the Iowa State Board of Agriculture instead of to the county auditor. This will keep the Department in closer touch with the institutes and provides a way of gathering more accurate information relative to the institutes. As recommended in our last report, the Thirty-third General As- sembly repealed and re-enacted that section of the code with refer- ence to the collection of agricultural statistics. As it now stands, greater latitude is given the Department as to what data may be required. It not only requires assessors to list the acreage and yield of farm crops, but also to obtain such data on live stock, poultry, eggs, etc., as may be asked for by the Department ; prior to the enactment of this law the Department had no authority to require such data. The law now conforms to similar laws of the various states and will be valuable in disseminating Iowa's agricultural and live stock resources. Again I desire to call to the attention of the legislative bodies of Iowa the urgent need of granting authority to the Department to issue bulletins from time to time containing such information or data as would be of interest and value to the public. Thousands of letters are annually received by the Department asking for litera- ture on various subjects pertaining to Iowa agriculture which can- not be supplied unless authority is given by the general assembly vi INTRODUCTORY to issue such literature. Tlie agricultural interests of the state should unite in demanding that the next session of the legislature provide an ample support fund and authority to the Department that the work could be carried On in a commendable manner. Iowa, the greatest of all agricultural states, has done less toward the main- tenance of a Department of Agriculture than any state in the union. Part I of this volume contains the final summary of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service for the year 1908. In this part will be found a monthly review of the climatology for the year, the an- nual precipitation chart, dates of the last killing frost in the spring and first killing frost in the fall, the final acreage of the yield and acreage of soil products together with their estimated value (farm prices) December 1, 1908. Part II contains tables of Iowa's prin- cipal farm crops for a period of years, farm crops of the United States for 1908, farm crops of the world for 1907, and number and value of farm animals for the United States, January 1, 1909. Parts III and IV contain the proceedings of the state farmers ' insti- tute and agricultural convention held in December, 1908. Part V gives a synopsis of the state board and committee meetings for the year 1908 ; Part VI the proceedings of the 1908 Iowa Swine Breed- ers' Association meeting: Part VII the proceedings and addresses given before the Iowa State Dairy Association with a copy of the law passed by the last general assembly for the promotion of the dairy interests of the state ; Part VIII statistical information on the dairy industry of Iowa ; Part IX a partial report of the work of the state veterinary 's department; Part X symptoms and treatment of some common diseases among domestic animals; Part XI a report of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition of 1908; Part XII papers and addresses relating to agriculture in its various branches; Part XIII reports from county and district agricultural societies; Part XIV a report of the division of horse breeding from May 1, 1908, to May 1, 1909 ; Part XV laws relating to the work of the department of agriculture, new fence law, and the lien law for stallion service • and Part XVI a directory of associations and organizations repre- senting agricultural interests, both state and national. Care has been taken in preparing the copy for the Year Book and an earnest effort made to have it issued promptly. The failure of the last general assembly to provide adequate clerical assistance for the department has caused much delay in preparing and proof- reading copy. The number of copies issued is three thousand. INTRODUCTORY vii They are for free distribution to all who may desire them so long as the limited supply lasts. J. C. Simpson, Secretary Iowa State Board of Agriculture. Des Moines, Iowa, February 10, 1909. STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE 1909 EX OFFICIO MEMBERS. Oovernor of State Des Moines President Iowa State College Ames State Dairy Commissioner Des Moines State Veterinarian Forest City OFFICERS. C. E. Cameron, President Alta W. C. Bkown, Vice-President Clarion J. C. SiMPsox, Secretary Des Moines G. S. GiLBERTSOx, Treasurer Des Moines DISTRICT MEMBERS. First District — R. S. Johnstox Columbus Junction Second District — C. W. Phillips Maquoketa Tnird District — Elmer M. Reeves Waverly Fourth District— B. J. Curtix Decorah Fifth District — S. B. Packard Marshalltown Sixth District — T. C. Legoe What Cheer Seventh District — C. F. Curtiss Ames Eighth District — John Ledgerwood Leon Ninth District — M. McDonald Bayard Tenth District — O. A. Olson Forest City Eleventh District — H. L. Pike Whiting President, Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer are elected for one Year. Terms of Directors for even-numbered Districts expire Second Wednesday in December, 1910. Terms of Directors for odd-numbered Districts expire Second Wednesday in December, 1909. nz"'^T COMMITTEES YEAR 1909. EXECUTIVE committee: C. E. CAMERON W. C. BROWN J. C. SIMPSON AUDITING committee: C. W. PHILLIPS T. C. LEGOE R. S. JOHNSTON committee ox resolutions: E. J. cuRTiN M. Mcdonald JOHN LEDGERWWOOD. eules : J. C. SIMPSON C. E. CAMERON C. F. CURTIS R. S. JOHNSTON H. L. PIKE THE ADULTERATION OF FOOD, SEEDS AND OTHER PRODUCTS: S. B. PACKARD C F. CURTISS H. R. WRIGHT DAIRY INDUSTRY AND PRODUCTS. INCLLT)ING FRAUDULENT IMITATIONS THEREOF: H. R. WRIGHT 0. A. OLSON W. C. BROWN CONTAGIOUS DISEASES AMONG DOMESTIC ANIMALS: C. F. CURTISS p. O. KOTO E. M. REEVES H. L. PIKE . COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF LAWS AND NEW LAWS: S. B. PACKARD C. F. CURTISS H. R. WRIGHT C. E. CAMERON J. C. SIMPSON W. C. BROWN LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE: C. E. CAMERON S. B. PACKARD W. C. BROWN J. C. SIMPSON C. W. PHILLIPS IOWA WEATHER AND CROP SERVICE: GEO. M. CHAPPEL, Director DES MOINES ILLUSTRATIONS Administration Building Frontispiece Tuberculosis cow 363 Tuberculosis cow, post-mortem 364 Tuberculosis, post-mortem 365 Tuberculosis, Independence herd 377 Tuberculosis, from Independence herd 378 Tuberculosis, found by milk inspection 380 Glanders in man 382 Maladie-du-coit 386 Short Horn bull, "King Cumberland" 511 Scene in grandstand, Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908 523 Short Horn cow and bull calf 527 Galloway cow 532 Percheron stallion 537 View in the Vegetable Department, Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908 556 Two-year old Percheron stallion 565 Standard bred colt 585 Clydesdale stallion 592 Clydesdale mare 593 Shire mare 595 Belgian mare 599 Belgian stallion 600 Short Horn bull, "Whitehall Marshall" 602 Short Horn cow 604 Short Horn heifer calf 605 Hereford bull, "Prime Lad 9th" 608 Aberdeen-Angus bull, "Glenfoil Thickset" 610 Aberdeen-Angus calf herd 612 Galloway bull, "Standard Favorite" 614 Polled Durham cow and bull 615 Scene in Swine Judging Pavilion, Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908 623 Shropshire ram lamb 639 Three Shropshire rams 641 Sweepstakes ten ears of corn, winter corn show, 1908 656 Boys' stock and corn judging contest, Iowa State Fair and Exposi- tion, 1908 659 Fred McCulloch Qi^Q TABLE OF CONTENTS Letter of Transmittal Introductory State Board of Agriculture Standing Committees Index to Illustrations Table of Contents Iowa's Source of Wealth PART I. Iowa Weather and Crop Report for 1908. PART II. Iowa's Principal Farm Crops for the past twenty-eight years; Farm Crops of the United States, 1908; Farm Crops of the World for 1907; Num- ber, average value and total value of farm animals in the United States, January 1, 1909. PART III. Joint Session Annual State Farmers' Institute and Corn Belt Meat Pro- ducers' Association, December 8, 1908. PART VI. Annual State Agricultural Convention, December, 1908. PART V. Synopsis of State Board and Committee Meetings for the year 1908, PART VI. Annual Meeting Iowa Swine Breeders' Association, 1908. PART VII. Annual Meeting Iowa State Dairy Association, 1908; copy of law passed by the Thirty-third General Assembly appropriating funds to the Dairy Association for the promotion of the dairy industry of the state. PART \t:ii. Statistics on the Dairy Industry of Iowa from the State Dairy Commis- sioner's report. PART IX. Data from the State Veterinarian's report. PART X. Common diseases among domestic animals, symptoms and treatment. xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS PART XI. Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908; press reports, awards, etc. PART XII. Papers and addresses relating to live stock, agriculture and miscellaneous subjects. PART XIII. Condensed reports on Condition of Agriculture from County and District Agricultural Societies. PART XIV. Report of Division of Horse Breeding. PART XV. Laws relating to work of Department of Agriculture; law defining what constitutes a lawful fence; law giving owner or keeper of a stallion a lien upon his get for the service fee. PART XVI. Directory of Associations and organizations representing agricultural interests, both state and national. IOWA'S SOURCE OP WEALTH. COMPILED ESPECIALLY FOR THE IOWA YEAR BOOK. ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AVERAGE YIELD AND VALUE PER ACRE AND TOTAL VAL[JE OF IOWA FARM PRODUCTS FOR THE YEAR 1908. Farm Products Acreage Produc- tion 2 < S-06 < (-1 t-, a > < > o Horses __ .. 100 104 102 99 104 94 1,419,000 46,000 1,. 586,000 3,842,000 747,000 7,908,000 $103.00 112.00 31.00 22.. 50 4.60 8.00 $146,1.57,000 5 15'' 000 Mules -- Milch Cows 53,924,000 86 445,000 Other Cattle _. . Sheep 3,430,000 63,264,000 Swine _ . . Total 15,548,000 $358,378,000 ♦Compared with number January 1, 1908. 1 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SUMMARY OF TOTAL ACREAGE FARM LANDS WITHIN THE STATE, NUMBER OF FARMS, AVERAGE SIZE OF FARMS, AVERAGE VALUE PER ACRE, TOTAL VALUE FARM MACHINERY, AVERAGE VALUE FARM MACHINERY PER FARM, TOTAL VALUE FARM BUILDINGS, AVERAGE VALUE FARM BUILDINGS PER FARM, TOTAL VALUE FARM LANDS AND BUILDINGS. TOTAL RURAL POPULATION (1905 CENSUS), AVERAGE RURAL POPUL'ATION PER FARM. Total number of acres -' 32,228,109 Number of farms (census 1905) 209,163 Average size of farms (census 1905) loSa Average value per acre $60.00 Total value of farm land $], 933, 686, 540/ Total value of farm machinery $62,748v900 Average value of farm machinery per farm $300 Total value of farm buildings $313,744,500 Average value per farm $1,500 Total value farm lands, buildings and machinery 1 .$2,310,179,940 Investment in average farm, buildings and machinery $11,045 Rural population (Iowa census 1905) 1,142,114 Average number per farm 5^ GRAND TOTALS. Value of crops and other farm products, 1908 $443,976,616 Value of live stock January 1, 1909 358,378,000 Total for 1908 $802,354,646 Total for 1907 730,326,971 Increase for 1908 over 1907 $ 72,027,675 Total value farm lands, farm buildings, farm machinery, crops and live stock at the. close of 1908 $3,112,534,586 Or an average value per farm of "' $14,881 Average net returns per acre of crops and other farm products not including live stock for 1908 $15.23 Value of live stock per farm $1,714 PART I, Report of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service for 1908. Geo. M. Chappel, Director. This report is a condensation of the monthly and weekly bulletins and reports of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service. It contains, in a condensed form, all oi the salient climatic features of the year, to- gether with tabulated statistics of the staple soil products of the state. Through the generous co-operation of the Hon. Chief U. S. Weather Bureau, the equipment of the co-operative meteorological stations has been materially improved and most of the instruments now used by the co- operative observers in the state are the same as the high standard in- struments used by the U. S. Weather Bureau. Special attention has been paid to the exposure of instruments and, whenever an exposure was found to be faulty, standard instrument shelters were furnished. Meteorological reports were received regularly each month from 122 stations in charge of co-operative observers, and also from the U. S. Weather Bureau stations at Des Moines, Davenport, Dubuque, Charles City, Keokuk, Sioux City and Omaha. Neb. During the six crop months of 1908, this office distributed about 48,000 copies of the weekly weather crop bulletin and during the year 25,500 copies of the Monthly Climatological Report of the Weather and Crop Service. The distribution of daily weather forecasts has been maintained, and at least one hundred thousand patrons of the rural telephone lines re- ceive the forecasts before noon of each working day and the special warnings of the approach of cold waves, heavy snows, etc., whenever issued. The forecasts are also distributed by rural free delivery mail service to about seven thousand patrons of the rural mail routes. There has been a marked increase in the number of requests from teachers and students of high schools and colleges for the climatological and crop statistical reports, and from drainage engineers for tabulated precipitation data; and, in order to meet the demand for information, all precipitation data available in the state are now l^eing collected and tabulated for the several drainage basins of the state. 4 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. CLIMATOLOGY OF THE YEAR 1908. The mean temperature and average precipitation were above the normal for the year, there being an excess in temperature of 2°, and in precipita- tion of 2.16 inches. The temperature was above normal every month of the year except May, June, July, August, and October; the greatest defi- ciency being in August, when it was 1.8° below the normal. The precipi- tation was above the normal in February, May, June, August, October, and November, the greatest excess being in May, when it was 3.84 inches above the normal. The winter months were comparatively warm and dry, and the summer months wet and cool. The excessive and almost continuous rains in May and June were very injurious, coming as they did during the planting season; but the injury was more than compensated for by the dry and warm weather during the latter part of August and most of September. The year as a whole has been the most profitable one on record for the farmer. Barometer. — The mean pressure of the atmosphere for the year 1908 was 30.03 inches. The highest observed pressure was 30.75 inches on December 2d, at Keokuk, Lee county. The lowest pressure was 29.05 inches on April 24th, at Charles City, Des Moines, and Sioux City, in Floyd, Polk and Woodbury counties. The range for the state was 1.70 inches. Temperature. — The mean temperature for the state was 49.5; which is 2.0° above the normal for the state. The highest temperature reported was 101° on August 3d, at Oskaloosa and Ottumwa, in Mahaska and Wapello counties. The lowest temperature reported was 18° below zero on January 29th, at Estherville and Forest City, in Emmet and Winne- bago counties respectively. The range for the state was 119?. Precipitation. — The average amount of rain and melted snow for the year, as shown by complete records of 102 stations, was 35.26 inches, which is 2.61 inches above the normal, and 3. 20 inches above the average amount in 1907. The greatest amount recorded at any station for the year was 49.98 inches at Rockwell City, Calhoun county. The least amount recorded was 24.11 inches at Dubuque, Dubuque county. The greatest monthly rainfall was 14.33 inches at Fort Madison, Lee county, in May. The least monthly precipitation was trace at Tipton, Cedar county, in December. The greatest amount in any 24 consecutive hours was 6.02 inches at Stuart, in Guthrie county, on August 15th. The average amount of snowfall was 20.7 inches. The greatest amount of snowfall, unmelted, at any station during the year was 37.0 inches, at Sheldon, O'Brien county. The greatest monthly snowfall was 17.3 inches in February, at Pacific Junction, Mills county, and the greatest 24 hour snowfall recorded was 15.8 inches on February 18th, at Pacific Junction, Mills county. Measure- able precipitation occurred on an average of 86 days. Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was northwest. The highest velocity reported was 60 miles per hour at Sioux City, Woodbury county, from the northeast and southwest, on May 16th and June 22d. The average daily movement of wind was 208 miles. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 176; partly cloudy 96; cloudy 94; as against 168 clear days; 94 partly cloudy, and 103 cloudy days in 1907. The duration of sunshine was slightly above the normal. NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I MONTHLY SUMMARIES. JANUARY. The average temperature for the State for the month of January was considerably above the normal and about six degrees above the average for the same month last year. The records show that there have been but two warmer Januaries during the past eighteen years, viz.: 1891, with an average of 26.0°, and 1900, with an average of 25.6°. The temper- ature was decidedly above the normal during the first and second decades of the month and was not down to zero, except in the northern districts, until the 23d. After that date the temperature was more seasonable and records of zero or below were reported on one or more dates from all sections of the State. The amounts of precipitation were uniformly small and below normal in all portions of the State. There were but two general storms during the month. The first was on the 22d and resulted in a light snowfall; the second was on the 31st, and was attended by rain, snow and sleet, the latter causing a great deal of damage to fruit trees, telegraph, telephone and electric car lines. The amount of snowfall was also below the normal. The average of the total amounts was less than 5 inches. As a compensation for the lack of precipitation, the sunshine was decidedly above the normal. The records show that there was an average of seventeen clear days, eight partly cloudy and only six cloudy days during the month. On the whole, it was one of the most agreeable Januaries of which we have record. Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 117 stations, was 24.9°, which is 5.7° above the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 21.5°, which is 5.3° above normal; Central section, 25.3°, which is 6.2° above normal; Southern section, 27.8°, which is 5.5° above normal. The highest monthly mean was 30.4° at Keokuk, and the lowest monthly mean, 18.5° at Osage. The highest temperature reported was 60° at Logan on the 6th; the lowest temperature reported was -18° at Esther- ville and Forest City on the 29th. The average monthly maximum was 51.5°, and the average monthly minimum was -9.9°. The greatest daily range was 46° at Iowa City. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 36.0°. Precipitation.— The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 125 stations, was .44 inch, which is .56 inch below the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, .35 inch, which is .45 inch below the normal; Central section, .48 inch, which is .47 inch below the normal. Southern section, .48 inch, which is .76 inch below the normal. The largest amount reported was 1.50 inches at Fort Madison. The least amount reported was .06 inch at Leon. The greatest daily precipitation reported was .80 inch at Waukee, on the 6 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 31st. The average number of days on which .01 inch or more was re- ported, was 2. » Wind and Weather. — The prevailing direction of wind was northwest. The highest velocity of wind reported was 50 miles per hour from the northwest at Sioux City on the 15th. The average number of clear days was 17; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 6. FEBBUABY. The weather during February was mild and pleasant, with no con- tinued cold periods. The mean temperature was above the normal, and has been exceeded only five times in the past nineteen years. The preci- pitation was above the normal, and heavier than usual, the average, 1.69 inches, being .98 inch, greater than February, 1907, and .12 inch greater than the largest previous amount ever recorded for the State, which was 1.57 inches, in February, 1905. The amount of sunshine was about normal. The mean temperature exceeded the normal in all sections, the excess being greatest in the northern section, where it averaged 5.9°. The first decade was the coldest portion of the month, the coldest days of his period being the 1st and 2d, which were without exception the coldest days of the month. The warmest periods of the month were from the 9th to the 15th, and the 21st to he 25th. The monhly maximum tem- peratures ranged from 40° to 59°, and were reported mostly on the 12th and 24th. The monthly minimum temperatures ranged from zero to -16°, and were reported, with one or two exceptions, on the 1st and 2d. The precipitation was well distributed throughout the State, although it was heavier in the southern and eastern counties. Precipitation oc- curred generally on the 4th-5th, 12th-18th, 24th-26th, and 29th, the largest amounts occurred on the 4th-5th, and 18th. The snowfall was unusually heavy, and the excess in precipitation for the month is mostly due to the severe snowstorm which swept the State on the 18th. It was the most severe of the winter, being accompanied by high wind, which drifted the snow badly, and delayed traffic in all sections of the State, the amounts of snow, ranging from 2 to 4 inches in the northern counties, to 10 to 16 inches in the southern and eastern counties. The snow dis- appeared very rapidly on the 22d and 23d, and at the close of the month, the ground was uncovered except for a trace in the northeastern counties. Tempebatube. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 115 stations, was 24.3°, which is 5.1° above the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 22.1°, which is 5.9° above the normal; Central section 24.4°, which is 4.8° above the normal; Southern section, 26.4°, which is 4.6° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 29.1°, at Keokuk, Lee county, and the lowest monthly mean, 18.2°, at Rock Rapids, Lyon county. The highest temperature reported was 59°, at Keokuk, Lee coun- ty, on the 12th; the lowest temperature reported was -16°, at Decorah, and Thurman, in Winneshiek and Fremont counties, on the 2d. The average monthly maximum was 49.8°, and the average monthly mini- mum was -7.2°. The greatest daily range was 51°, at Thurman. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 37.0°. NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I ' 7 Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 121 stations, was 1.69 inches, which is .63 inch above the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 1.42 inches, which is .48 inch above the normal; Central section, 1.83 inches, which is .75 inch above the normal; Southern section, 1,81 inches, which is .66 inch above the normal. The greatest amount, 3.95 inches occurred at Olin, Jones county, and the least, .23 inch, at Clear Lake, Cerro Gordo county. The greatest amount in 24 hours, 2.00 inches, occurred at Olin, Jones county, on the 4th-5th. The average snov/fall, unmelted, was 8.9 inches, the average for the three sections being as follows: Northern section, 8.7 inches; Central section, 9.6 inches; South- ern section, 8.4 inches. The greatest monthly snowfall, 17.3 inches, oc- curred at Pacific Junction, Mills county, and the greatest 24-hour amount, 15.8 inches, at Pacific Junction, on the 18th. Measureable precipitation occured on an average of 6 days. Wind and Weather. — The average number of clear days was 12; partly cloudy, 6; cloudy, 11. The duration of sunshine was about normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 51, at Des Moines; 63, at Daven- port; 52, at Dubuque; 58, at Keokuk; and 68, at Sioux City. Northwest winds prevailed. High winds were reported on the 1st, 2d, 4th, 5th, 18th and 19th. The highest velocity reported w^as 50 miles per hour, from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 5th. THE WINTER OF 1907-08. The mean temperature of the three winter months was 26.0°, which is 5.3° above the normal for the State. The highest temperature reported was 62°, at Mount Pleasant, Henry county, on December 9th. The lowest temperature reported was -18°, at Estherville, Emmet county, and Forest City, Winnebago county, on January 29th. The average precipitation for the State was 1.04 inches — a total of 3.13 inches for the three winter months. This is .06 inch below the normal. The snowfall, unmelted, averaged 6.1 inches, and was heaviest during the month of February. The average number of days on which .01 inch or more of precipitation was reported, was 13. The coldest period of the winter occurred during the last week of January. The winter was 2.9° warmer than the winter of 1906-07, and was 1° warmer than the winter of 1905-06. The average number of clear days was 39; partly cloudy, 21; cloudy, 31. The prevailing direction of wind was northwest. On the vrhole it was a very mild and agreeable winter. maech. The weather during the month w^as exceptionally mild and pleasant for the season, there being but five years since 1890 when a higher mean temperature for March was recorded, viz.: 1894, 1902, 1903, 1905 and 1907. The mean temperature was uniformly above the normal, no station hav- ing reported a deficiency; and while the average maximum temperature was. 7.9° lower than in March, 1907, the monthly mean was only 2.7° 8 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE lower than that of last year. The lowest temperature occurred during the first decade, generally on the 8th when it was from 1° to 8° below zero in a few of the northwestern counties. The warmest days of the month were from the 10th to 14th and on the 25th and 26th. The precipi- tation was quite well distributed, and fell mostly in the form of rain, no snow being reported except small amounts in the central and northern counties. There was a deficiency of precipitation in the larger part of the State, the only exceptions being over the east central counties where there was a slight excess. There were three periods during ihe month in which the rainfall was general, viz.: 4th to 6th, 14th to 18th, and 27th to 30th, but the average number of days on which .01 inch or more fell was only six, so that the month afforded more than the usual number of pleasant days for farm and other out-door work. The growth of vegeta- tion was not as far advanced at the end of the month as it was at the close of March, 1907, but fully as much seeding of small grain and plow- ing for corn has been done. The crop conditions in general are very promising. Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 116 stations, was 37.9°, which is 3.9° above the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 34.7°, which is 3.5° above the normal; Central section 38.1°, which is 3.9 "above the normal; Southern section, 40.8°, which is 4.1° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 44.8° at Keokuk, Lee county, and the lowest monthly mean 31.4° at Sibley, Osceola county. The highest temperature reported was 85° at Woodburn, Clarke county, on the 25th; the lowest temperature reported was -8° at Inwood, Lyon county, on the 8th. The average monthly maximum was 76.1°, and the average monthly minimum was 9.8°. The greatest daily range was 62° at Woodburn. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 47.9°. Precipitation. — The average percipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 121 stations, was 1.58 inches, which is .34 inch below the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 1.56 inches, which is .17 inch below the normal; Central section, 1.69 inches, which is .29 inch below the normal; Southern section, 1.50 inches, which is .55 inch below the normal. The greatest amount, 3.74 inches, occured at LeClaire, Scott county, and the least, .45 inch, at Ames, Story county. The greatest amount in 24 hours, 2.15 inches, occurred at Tipton, Cedar county, on the 27th. Measureable precipitation occurred on an average of 6 days. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 13; partly cloudy, 7; cloudy, 11. The duration of sunshine was about normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 51 at Des Moines, 54 at Davenport, 55 at Dubuque, 55 at Keokuk, and 59 at Sioux City. Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. High winds were reported on the 6th, 21st and 25th. The highest velocity reported was 48 miles per hour, from the north, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 25th. tornado in lee county. At about 6:30 P. M., March 27th, a tornado of moderate violence struck the village of New Boston, in the southeastern part of Charleston town- NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 9 ship, Lee county, resulting in considerable loss of property and injuring five people. The storm moved from northwest to southeast and was attended by a typical funnel-shaped cloud which was observed for thirty minutes before the storm struck the town. The Methodist church and the colored Baptist church were wrecked and the homes of Ayres Han- cock and Grant Schroeder were blown over and demolished as were also several barns and out-buildings. The storm track is said to have been from 200 feet to half a mile wide and was followed by rain and some hail, but the precipitation was not heavy. No damage is reported to have been done, after the storm passed New Boston, but severe wind squalls were general over the southeastern part of Lee county, between 6:30 and 7:10 P. M. The official in charge of the U. S. Weather Bureau at Keokuk re- ports as follows: "At this station there was only a heavy shower of rain with some hail and a short wind squall from the west at 7:10 P. M. of the 27th." APBIL. With the exception of the first three and the last four days of the month, the temperature was exceptionally uniform and moderately high. The month opened with a cool wave which spread over the State during the first three days, resulting in minimum temperatures ranging from 11° to 18" over the northern district on the 2d; from 8° in west central to 24° in the east central district on the 2d and from 14" to 24° in the southern district on the 2d and 3d. Prom the 3d to the 27th the minimum temperatures ranged from 30° to above 50° and the max- imums from 50° to above 90°, the warmest days being the 13th, 19th and 22d. From the 27th to the close of the month the temperature was un- seasonably low and below freezing on one or more days in all parts of the State. The precipitation was generally below the normal, but there was an excess in a few localities, due to heavy local showers. The heaviest rain- fall was at Inwood, Lyon county, where a severe local storm occurred on the 23d, accompanied by destructive winds, heavy rain and some hail. The least rainfall was reported from the counties along the Missouri river from Monona southward where the monthly amounts were less than an inch. There were but three periods during the month in which the rainfall was general, viz.: 5th to 8th, 17th to 18th and 23d to 28th, and, as the average amount of sunshine was above the normal, the condi- tions were exceptionally favorable for work in the fields. The seeding of small grain was practically completed at the beginning of the third decade, and at the close of the month more than the usual amount of ground had been prepared for corn. Up to the 27th the prospects for a fruit crop were never better, but the frosts and freezing temperatures during the last three days of the month did considerable damage, espe- cially in southern counties. Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 118 stations, was 50.5°, which is 2.0° above the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 48.4°, which is 1.6° above the normal; Central section 50.5°, which is 2.0° above the normal; Southern section, 52.5°, which is 2.2° above the 10 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE normal. The highest monthly mean was 55.8° at Corning, Adams county, and the lowest monthly mean 46.6° at Sibley, Osceola county. The highest temperature reported was 91° at Onawa, Monona county, on the 19th; the lowest temperature reported was 8° at Fort Dodge, Webster county, on the 2d. The average monthly maximum was 83.0°, and the average monthly minimum was 15.9°. The greatest daily range was 54° at Sibley, Osceola county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 41.7°. Peecipitation. The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 125 stations, was 2.24 inches, which is .59 inch below the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 2.78 inches, which is .31 inch above the normal; Central section, 2.30 inches, which is .57 inch below the normal; Southern section, 1.63 inches, which is 1.51 inches below the normal. The greatest amount, 4.59 inches, occurred at Inwood, Lyon county, and the least, .67 inch, at Little Sioux, Harrison county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 2.42 inches, occurred at Pella, Marion county, on the 23d. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of eight days. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was fourteen; partly cloudy, eight; cloudy, eight. The duration of sunshine was above the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being seventy-five at Charles City; sixty-two at Davenport; sixty-two at Des Moines; sixty-two at Dubuque; fifty-nine at Keokuk, and seventy at Sioux City. Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was fifty miles per hour from the Northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 25th. The cool wave which spread over the State during the last three days of April continued until the 3d of May, causing heavy to killing frost in all parts of the State on the 2d which resulted in further injury to fruit and garden truck. From the 3d to the close of the month there were no decided changes in temperature, it being quite moderate and uniform. The average for the month was only 0.7° below the normal for May. The most striking features of the weather of the month were the abnormally heavy rainfall and the frequency of the showers. Rain fell in some parts of the State on every day of the month, and the aver- age number of days on which .01 inch or more fell at each station, was 15. The average amount of precipitation was 8.34 inches, which is 3.84 inches above the normal. This record has been exceeded in May but twice during the past 19 years, viz: 1892 and 1903 with an average amount of 8.77 and 8.55 inches respectively. The average amount of rainfall for May, 1903, was only .21 inch more than the average amount for this month, but the damage by floods was far in excess of that of this year. The maximum stage of the river at Des Moines in May, 1903, was 10.4 feet higher than the maximum stage this month, and the difference is due to the fact that in the spring of 1903 the ground was thoroughly saturated with moisture and all lakes, creeks and sloughs were filled wih water which fell during the sum- mer and autumn of 1902, so that when the heavy rains came in May NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 11 the surplus water soon found its way into the rivers causing the most disastrous floods on record in this state. At the beginning of this month the ground in the larger part of the State was extremely dry but friable and in the best of condition to absorb and store up large quan- tities of water, thereby preventing its rapid escape to the rivers. There has, however, been considerable damage done to crops, by flooding the low bottom lands, but the greatest damage done was in preventing the completion of corn planting and the cultivation of the early planted fields. There was about 20 per cent of the corn area yet to plant at the close of the month, and it is probable that a portion of this will have to be abandoned or seeded to millet or other late forage crops. There was also a great deal of replanting to be done due to floods and wash- ing, but the general condition was considerally better than it was at the close of May, 1907. All small grains, grass and potatoes have made very rapid growth and the prospects for these crops are much better than they have been at the close of May for several years. Temperature.— The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 117 stations, was 59.4°, which is 0.7° below the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as fol- lows: Northern section, 57.8°, which is 0.6° below the normal; Cen- tral section, 59.7°, which is 0.5° below the normal; Southern section, 60.8°, which is 0.8° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 63.2°, at Keokuk, Lee county, and the lowest monthly mean 55.2°, at Rock Rapids, Lyon county. The highest temperature reported was 93°, at Fort Dodge, Webster county, on the 16th and 20th; the lowest temperature reported was 13°, at Washta, Cherokee county, on the 2d. The average monthly maximum was 86.6°, and the average monthly minimum was 24.7°. The greatest daily range was 48°, at Allerton, Wayne county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 38.3°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 125 stations, was 8.34 inches, which is 3.84 inches above the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: North- ern section, 8.04 inches, which is 3.49 inches above the normal; Cen- tral section, 7.46 inches, which is 2.99 inches above the normal; Southern section, 9.53 inches, which is 5.06 inches above the normal. The great- est amount, 14.33 inches, occurred at Fort Madison, Lee county, and the least, 4.33 inches, at Belle Plaine, Benton county. The greatest amount in 24 hours, 4.80 inches, occurred at Fort Madison, Lee county, on the 28th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 15 days. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 9'; partly cloudy, 11; cloudy, 11. The duration of sunshine was below the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 49 at Daven- port; 50 at Des Moines; 49 at Dubuque; 58 at Keokuk, and 58 at Sioux City. , Wind. — Southeast winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 60 miles per hour from the Northeast, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 16th. 12 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE " "~~ TORNADOES AND SEVERE WIND STORMS IN MAY. The past month has furnished more than the usual number of wind storms for the state. While the amount of damage to property has been considerable, yet, fortunately, densely populated towns were missed, and only one death has resulted. The most severe storms occurred on the 11th and 12th, though from the 21st to the 29th local storms occurred in various sections of the state, causing damage to small buildings, windmills, trees, etc. In each case the storms accompanied quite well developed cyclonic areas which were passing over the Mississippi Valley. On the after- noon of the 11th a tornado occurred in Dubuque and Delaware counties. It apparently originated about six miles north of Cascade, on the south border of Dubuque county, about 1 o'clock, and moved northwestward toward Worthington, then northward over Dyersville, from which place its course was northeast, the last point of contact being at Holy Cross. Mr. B. C. Wise, at Cascade, reports that the storm path was about 150 feet wide, and that the position of objects, laid prone by the wind, indi- cates that there was no whirling motion, but that it soon widened to a half mile and assumed the tornado type. The Dyersville Commercial, of May 15th, gives a detailed account of the damage done. The greatest destruction occurred before passing Worthington. Two farms, John Mauser's and John Durga's, were stripped of barns, sheds and corn cribs. The havoc wrought on Mr. Durga's farm is expressed in the words of the "Commercial:" "There was not enough lumber left to build a hen- house." There was considerable damage done at Dyersville and Holy Cross, but the losses were minor ones. At about the same hour a storm with the appearance of a tornado, struck seven miles north of Muscatine, but its path was short and the damage was not great. The most destructive storm, and the one concerning which reports are most complete, occurred on the 12th, over a strip of country extend- ing from Watson, Mo., to a point about six miles northwest of Clarinda, crossing the southeastern corner of Fremont county, west of Northboro and Coin, skipping a space from a point due west of Coin, but striking again six or eight miles west of Clarinda. In Fremont county all build- ings on the farms of Will and Bert Higgins, and also a schoolhouse, were destroyed, while in Page county, John Wieland, E. L. Benedict, Olaua Myers, Geo. Dalbey, Tom Anderson and Cliff Carpenter lost all their buildings. In some instances nothing was left, while in others the wrecks were left on the ground. To an observer in front of the storm, aebris of all descriptions could be seen whirling in the air. Many peculiar pranks of the wind are reported. A horse was left unhurt in a cellar where the family had taken refuge. The storm seemed to show its greatest fury at the Myers home, where, on the southwest side of a large oak tree, straws were driven into the bark a quarter of an inch; a rock weighing more than a ton left standing on a sled was moved with the sled about fifty feet to the southwest; soil was removed from the fields to a depth to which it had been plowed; an iron pump was taken from a cistern; the rim of a wheel from a new wagon destroyed on the Myers farm was NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 13 dropped into the cellar at Dalbey's place after the house had been car- ried away. Mr. Myers, as quoted in the Clarinda Herald, from which paper detailed accounts are obtained, says that in a moment the house moved and then settled back, while a second later it was whisked away completely; at a point six or eight miles west of Clarinda a rain of boards and shingles occurred, with a coating of ice on much of the debris. Meager reports of a storm over western Plymouth county indicate that a tornado of considerable violence passed over that section on the 16th. On the 21st a storm, more or less general over southern Iowa, assumed at Albia the aspects of a tornado. It was here i-ie only fatality of storms occurred. Mr. J. M. Taylor was killed by a falling building. The roof of the Grant school building was torn off and crashed through to the rooms below, but fortunately it was just before the morning assembly of the school. On the 24th to 26th wind squalls damaging small buildings and windmills occurred at various places over the north- west half of the state, and on the 28th at Fort Madison. JUNE. The average temperature of June for the state was 1.7° below the normal. The month opened with a cool wave which was followed from the 5th to the 7th by a slight excess in temperature, but from the 8th to the 17th the weather was unseasonably cool. The minimum temperature was below 40° at many stations in the northern part of the state on the 15th and light frost occurred in several localities. The warmest period was from the 18th to the 23d, when the maximum temperature ranged from 85 to 94 degrees. The average rainfall was 5.66 inches, which was 1.14 inch above the normal for June. Rain fell at one or more stations in the state every day from April 21st to June 30th or 71 consecutive days. The largest amounts of rainfall were reported from the northern districts and especially in the west portion of the upper valley of the Des Moines river. Plover, in Pocahontas county, reported a total amount of 11.88 inches, 4.08 inches of which fell on the 18th in 24 consecutive hours. There were numerous severe thunderstorms accompanied by wind squalls and some hail, but the most severe and destructive storm occurred near Charles City in Floyd county on the afternoon of the 7th. A hail, wind and rain storm swept over the northeastern counties on the evening of the 20th. A detailed account of these storms will be found on another page of this report. The frequent and heavy rains prevented work in the fields, kept the rivers up to flood stages, flooded all low and flat lands and caused considerable washing of the soil on hillsides, and, as a result, farmers in some sections of the state were planting or replanting corn up to the close of the month. Many IBelds were abandoned and the acreage of corn has been reduced a little over five per cent as compared with the area planted last year. All the early planted corn on high and well tilled land shows a good stand, has a good color, and is exceptionally clean considering the adverse conditions, and some fields were laid by before the end of the month. All small grains are gen- erally in good condition and give promise of fairly good yields. Winter wheat and rye were ready for harvest in the southern counties at the 14 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE close of the month, and all kinds of small grains were beginning to head in northern counties. The excessive moisture and moderately cool weather have been very beneficial for grass, and the hay crop will be abnormally heavy. Clover hay making was begun during the third week in June and most of it was put up in good condition despite the frequent showers. Potatoes and garden truck have also made very thrifty growth. There was a fair crop of cherries in the northern counties, but the yield was light in southern districts. Strawberries were generally good and raspberries and blackberries give promise of an average crop, but the apple crop will be light in all parts of the state. Temperature. The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 114 stations, was 67.1°, which is 1.7° below the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as fol- lows: Northern section, 65.5°, which is 1.8° below the normal; Cen- tral section, 67.6°, which is 1.4° below the normal; Southern section, 68.2°, which is 1.8° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 71.9, at Burlington, Des Moines county, and the lowest monthly mean, 62.9°, at Sibley, Osceola county. The highest temperature reported was 94°, at Clinton and Decorah, in Clinton and Winneshiek counties, on the 22d and 23d; the lowest temperature reported was 35°, at Elma, Howard county, on the 15th. The average monthly maximum was 88.5, and the average monthly minimum was 42.9. The greatest daily range was 45°, at Elkader, Clayton county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 31.8. Precipitation. The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 121 stations, was 5.66 inches, which is 1.14 inches above the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: North- ern section, 6.79 inches, which is 2.22 inches above the normal; Cen- tral section, 5.06 inches, which is .69 inch above the normal; Southern section, 5.14 inches, which is .52 inch above the normal. The great- est amount, 11.88 inches, occurred at Plover, Pocahontas county, and the least, 1.77 inches, at Sigourney, Keokuk county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 4.08 inches, occurred at Plover, Poca- hontas county, on the 18th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 13 days. Sunshine and Cloudiness. The average number of clear days was 12; partly cloudy, 10; cloudy, 8. The duration of sunshine was below the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 64 at Daven- port; 53 at Des Moines; 63 at Dubuque; 62 at Keokuk, 52 at Sioux City, and 54 at Omaha, Neb. Wind. Southeast winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 60 miles per hour from the southwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 22d. tornadoes and severe storms in JUNE. While severe storms were no more frequent in June than in May, yet the financial loss, due to the destruction of property, is greater. On June 7th and 20th, the northeastern section of the State was visited NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 15 by destructive storms. Tornadoes did considerable damage at Charles City, Lisbon and Mount Vernon, on the 7th, and on the 20th a wind and rain storm with heavy hail struck across the corner of the State from northern Howard county, over Cresco, southeastward to Mc- Gregor, in Clayton county. Other wind squalls, occurred over the western and central portions of the State on June 12th, 19th, 23d and 28th. A report of the tornado at Charles City, as given by Mr. McGann, official in charge of the Local Office of the Weather Bureau at that place, follows: "On the afternoon of June 7, 1908, a most destructive tornado passed through the eastern portion of the city. It was first observed on the farm of August Huxol, about seven miles southwest. Here the machine house and dwelling were badly wrecked. A few miles further it passed over the farm of Lacoure and Baldwin, completely wrecking the dwelling houses and all out buildings, only the floors remaining. It reached the southwesterly edge of the city at 5:00 p. m. (90 Meridian time) and razed the dwelling house of J. Z. Wright. From this point it cut a path of from 50 to 100 yards wide, raising some buildings from their foundations and wrecking many others, so that they were unin- habitable. The dwelling houses on either side of the storm's path were more or less damaged; all the window glass was blown outwards. About twenty-five dwelling houses were damaged and five totally destroyed. A large number of shade trees were torn up by the roots and others twisted and split. On the east side, the trees generally lay toward the northeast, and on the west side toward the northwest. The funnel shaped cloud, rising and falling as it moved rapidly in a northeasterly direction, was accompanied by a loud roaring noise similar to con- tinuous thunder. The path of the storm was about eight miles long and about one hundred yards wide. The damage done is estimated at $25,000. The meteorological conditions that prevailed at this station were cloudy and very sultry weather, low and nearly stationary barom- eter, high humidity, 97%, and gentle southwest to south winds. A light sprinkle of rain fell from 7:50 to 7:55 a. m. and from 11:15 a. m. to 12:10 p. m. These light showers were followed by a feeble thunder- storm southwest of station from 1:10 to 1:53 p. m. Distant thunder was heard in the southwest at 4:20 p. m., rain following from 4:50 p. m. falling very heavy from 5:00 to 5:04 p. m., and ending at 5:12 p. m. At this hour the storm has entirely disappeared in the northeast. Onef death resulted from the storm. Mr. Brock was killed by a falling chimney." The reports of the storm in southeastern Linn county, while indicat- ing a storm of tornado form, do not show the destructiveness of that which occurred in Floyd county, the loss did not extend much beyond the overturning of light buildings and windmills and the tearing of limbs from trees. A strip of country about fifteen miles wide, extending from Cresco, Howard county, to McGregor, Clayton county, suffered greatly from damage to crops, by wind, rain and hail. Cattle and hogs were killed by the hail or driven by the storm into the creeks and drowned. The greater loss, however, was sustained at South McGregor. Here lumber 16 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE from the lumber yards, and any loose objects Jthat would float, were washed into the Mississippi river. Damages to property alone are es- timated to reach near 40,000 dollars. The deposits of mud in many business houses was from three to four feet, and from a sanitary stand- point the situation was rendered serious. Business was stopped for more than a week. At a few places in the track of the storm the hail was of such size, and was driven with such force by the wind as to break siding on residences. July, 1908, will be remembered as one of the most favorable har- vest months on record, the average temperature and precipitation being slightly below the normal with an excess of sunshine. The average daily deficiency in temperature was 0.4°, and the average total de- ficiency in rainfall was .78 inch. The first eight days of the month were unseasonably cool with minimum temperatures down to 42° at several stations in the northwestern counties on the 7th and 8th. The warmest periods of the month were from the 10th to the 13th and 28th to 30th, when the maximum temperatures were generally above 90°. The temperature during the remainder of the month was about normal. Rain fell at some station in the State every day during the month, but after the 7th the showers were so widely scattered and the intervals between showers were so great that there was an average for the month of but eighty days with rain. The heavy and frequent rains which began on April 21st continued, until July 7th, but since then the only period of general rains was on the 16th and 17th, and the amounts of precipitation in that period were generally small except over the Missouri divide and the northern counties, where the amounts at many stations ranged from 1.00 to 5.00 inches. There were a few severe wind and hailstorms, but not as many as is usual during July. The worst storm of which we have a record occurred in Ida county on the afternoon of the 26th, causing considerable damage in the vicinity of Arthur, at which place the storm track was about five rods wide. It struck the town about 1 p. m. and lasted but a few seconds, but blew down many sheds and other light buildings, windmills and trees. The character of the storm approached that of a tornado, but there was no funnel-shaped cloud observed. Heavy hail fell in many local- ities during the passage of the storm across the county and did serious damage to crops. A severe hailstorm occurred in the vicinity of Woodburn, Clarke county, on the 17th, resulting in some damage. After the first week of the month the weather was ideal for haying, harvesting and the growth of corn. The moderately high temperatures, excess of sunshine, and the long intervals between showers enabled farmers to secure the large crop of hay in the best of condition. Small grain harvest began during the second week of the month and was nearly completed, and thrashing operations were in full prog- ress before the close of the month. The yield and quality of wheat especially winter wlieat, was good. The yield of oats ranged from poor in southern counties to fair to good in central and northern NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 17 counties, but for the State the yield will be considerably below the average. The quality, however, was good, notwithstanding the fact that red rust was becoming quite general at the time harvest began. Corn made an abnormally rapid growth and in many fields was up to the average condition, but for the State at large the crop is very uneven. On low and flat fields, which were previously flooded, corn is decidedly below the average in growth, but has good color, is growing rapidly and, with continued warm weather and occasional showers, will make a fair crop, if frosts do not come before the average date. Pastures and potatoes have remained in good condition, but are be- ginning to show the effects of dry weather and would be benefited by a good rain. The apple crop will be very small. Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 114 stations, was 73.0°, which is 0.4° below the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as fol- lows: Northern section, 71.8°, which is 0.3° below the normal; Cen- tral section, 73.3°, which is 0.4° below the normal; Southern section, 74.0°, which is 0.5° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 78.3°, at Fairfield, Jefferson county, and the lowest monthly mean, 69.2°, at Sibley, Osceola county. The highest temperature reported was 100°, at Rockwell City and Odebolt, in Calhoun and Sac counties, on the 11th and 29th; the lowest temperature reported was 42°, at Inwood, Larrabee, Washta and Dows, in Lyon, Cherokee, and Wright counties, on the 7th and 8th. The average monthly maximum was 94.6°, and the average monthly minimum was 48.2°. The greatest daily range was 41°, at Fair- field, Jefferson county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 31.7°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 123 stations, was 3.66 inches, which is .78 inch below the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 4.24 inches, which is .04 inch below the normal; Central section, 3.60 inches, which is .91 inch below the normal; Southern section, 3.13 inches, which is 1.41 inch below the normal. The greatest amount, 9.21 inches, occurred at Alta (near), Buena Vista county, and the least, .70 inch, at Oskaloosa, Mahaska county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 5.93 inches, occurred at Grand Meadow, Clayton county, on the 17th. Measureable precipitation occurred on an average of 8 days. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 16; partly cloiidy, 10; cloudy, 5. The duration of sunshine was near the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 69 at Davenport; 67 at Des Moines; 63 at Dubuque; 73 at Keokuk; 66 at Sioux City, and 69 at Omaha, Neb. Wind.— Southwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 36 miles per hour from the southwest, at Keokuk, Lee county, on the 16th. AUGUST. The mean temperature for the month was slightly below the normal; the average daily deficiency ranged from 2.1° in the northern districts to 2 18 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE 1.5° in the southern districts. The warmest period of the month was between the 2d and the 5th, inclusive, when the maximum temperatures ranged from 88° to 101°; the highest occurring in Mahaska and "Wapello counties on the 3d. The coolest period was from the 20th to the 24th, inclusive, the lowest temperature occurring on the 24th. During the past 18 years, there have been eleven warmer Augusts and seven that were slightly cooler. The rainfall was above the normal in all districts. Most of .ae precipitation came from local showers and thunderstorms, which were quite well distributed as to numbers, but the heaviest rain fell over the Missouri divide, thence eastward over the northern portion of the southern districts. There was but one county in the State, Lyon, which reported less than two inches. While the average amount of rainfall for the month was in excess of that for August, 1907, the average number of clear, partly cloudy, cloudy and rainy days were the same as in August of last year, which indicates, as it did then, that there was an excess of sunshine. The weather was favorable for the growth of vegetation and for farm work. Harvest was finished and threshing well advanced at the close of the month. Local showers in a few localities interfered with threshing operations and some grain, in shock, was damaged by excessive moisture, but the percentage of loss was small. Corn made rapid advancement toward maturity but is still very green. Pastures were exceptionally good for the time of year, and all stock is in good condition. The after- math in meadows made good growth and the second crop of hay will be heavier than normal. The indications are very favorable for a good crop of clover seed. Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 114 stations, was 70.0°, which is 1.8° below the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures v/ere as follows: Northern section, 68.2°, which is 2.1° below the normal; Central section 70.1°, which is 1.8° below the normal; Southern section, 71.8°, which is 1.5° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 74.5°, at Keokuk, Lee county, and the lowest monthly mean 66.2°, at Sibley, Osceola county. The highest temperature reported was 101°, at Oskaloosa and Ottumwa, in Mahaska and Wapello counties, on the 3d; the lowest temperature reported was 38°, at Atlantic, Cass county, on the 24th. The average monthly maxi- mum was 94.1°, and the average monthly minimum was 45.1°. The greatest daily range was 45°, at Atlantic, Cass county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 34.8°. Precipitation. The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 123 stations, was 4.77 inches, which is .78 inch above the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 4.03 inches, which is .51 inch above the normal; Central section, 5.07 inches, which is 1.02 inches above the normal; Southern section, 5.21 inches, which is .81 inch above the normal. The greatest amount, 10.58 inches, occurred at Pella, Marion county, and the least, 1.35 inches, at Rock Rapids, Lyon county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 6.02 inches, occurred at Stuart, Guthrie county, on the 15th. Measureable precipitation occurred on an average of 9 days. NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 19 Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 17; partly cloudy 9; cloudy 5. The duration of sunshine was slightly above the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 70 at Davenport; 65 at Des Moines; 68 at Dubuque; 77 at Keokuk; 66 at Sioux City, and 64 at Omaha, Neb. Wind. — South and southwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 40 miles per hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Wood- bury county, on the 15th. SEPTEMBER. The month of September, 1908, will go on record as having had the longest drouthy period of any September since the establishment of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service; and also for its long period of high temperatures and cloudless weather. The mean temperature was 4.2° above the normal, which has been exceeded but once, in 1897, during the past eighteen years. The temperature was above normal every day up to the 25th, except from the 1st to the 3d, and on the 7th, when it was slightly below noi'mal, due to moderately low temperature during the nights. From the 4th to the 25th, inclusive, the maximum temperatures ranged from 80° to above 90°, and the minimum temperatures were correspond- ingly high. A cool w^ave passed over the state between the night of the 26th and the close of the month, which resulted in heavy to killing frosts oh the mornings of the 28th and 29th, with freezing temperatures over the larger part of the State on the latter date. The average precipitation was 1.20 inches, or 2.21 inches below the Sep- tember normal. With the exception of a very few light showers in the eastern counties on the 4th and 5th, the northeastern counties on the 13th and in the northwestern counties on the 23d, there was no rain in the State from the night of August 31st to the night of September 2oth, making the longest period in any September without rain on record. Copious showers occurred in all parts of the State between the 26th and 28th; the heaviest rainfall being in the eastern half of the State. The high temperature, nearly cloudless skies, and the absence of rainfall made ideal weather conditions for ripening the corn and maturing the clover seed crop, but the drouthy conditions were severe on pastures, late potatoes and apples. Before the middle of the month, fall plowing was generally discontinued, pastures were dry and brown and stock water was getting scarce in many localities, and by the 25th the soil was dry and dusty. The water in all streams w^as lower than it had been in many years, and in some sections of the State, the stage of rivers was said to be lower than ever before known. While hot and dry weather was in- jurious to pastures and a few late crops, it was the salvation of the corn crop, and the bulk of it was safe from the effects of frost by the 25th. Some of the crop in late planted fields was, hovrever, pushed toward maturity too rapidly to make the best corn, but better thus than to have had it frozen w^hile in the milk or dough stage, as it surely would have b'een had the weather conditions been normal up to the time of the average date of the first killing frost. As it was, probably 90% of the crop escaped any material injury by the frost and freezing temperature, 20 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE and the remainder, while light and chaffy, will have considerable value for feed. The dry weather was also ideal for finishing threshing and haying and harvesting the clover and seed crop. A large second crop of hay was put up in excellent condition, and the clover seed crop is probably larger than ever befora harvested in this State. Considerable seeding of winter grain was done during the forepart of the month, and, if the dry weather had not prevented plowing, there would have been a large increase in the acreage of winter wheat. The rains during the last few days of the month will revive pastures and permit the resumption of plowing, but the amounts of precipitation were not large enough to have any more than a slight temporary effect on the water supply. Tempekatuee. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 112 stations, was 67.9°, which is 4.2° above the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: North- ern section, 67.1°, which is 5.0° above the normal; Central section, 67.8°, which is 4.2° above the normal; Southern section, 68.7°, which is 3.2° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 71.6°, at Onawa, Monona county, and the lowest monthly mean 64.6°, at Mason City, Cerro Gordo county. The highest temperature reported was 98° at Ridgeway, Winneshiek county, on the 11th; the lowest temperature reported was 20°, at Washta, Cherokee county, on the 29th. The average monthly max- imum was 91.8°, and the average monthly minimum was 26.9°. The great- est daily range was 46°, at Cedar Rapids, Linn county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 36.2°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 121 stations, was 1.20 inches, which is 2.21 inches below the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, 1.19 inches, which is 2.22 inches below the normal; Central section, 1.20 inches, which is 2.04 inches below the normal; Southern section, 1.21 inches, which is 2.36 inches below the normal. The greatest amount, 3.46 inches, occurred at Grand Meadow, Clayton county, and the least, .25 inch at Jefferson, Greene county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 2.93 inches, occurred at Independence, Buchanan county, on the 26th and 27th. Measureable precipitation occurred on average of three days. The average snowfall, unmelted, was trace. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 21; partly cloudy 6; cloudy 3. The duration of sunshine was above the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 76 at Davenport; 79 at Des Moines; 68 at Dubuque; 79 at Keokuk; 78 at Sioux City, and 78 at Omaha, Neb. Wind. — South winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 37 miles per hour from the south, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 25th. OCTOBEB. After the rains on September 26th to 29th, inclusive, drouthy conditions again prevailed until the night of October 19th, there being no rain be- tween those dates except light showers on the 5th and 6th. During the first and second decades of the month the temperature was above normal, NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 21 the maximum temperatures ranging from 52° to 89°, and the minimum from 31° to 65°; but during the last decade, the temperature was con- siderably lower, the average for the month being slightly below the normal. From the 19th to the 28th, inclusive, the weather was cloudy with almost continuous rain. The average rainfall for the month was considerably above the normal for October and has been exceeded but four times during the past 19 years. Snow flurries were quite general over the western half of the State on the 22d and 23d, but the amounts of snowfall were small except over the southwestern counties where they ranged from one to eleven inches, which is unusual for that section of the State so early in the season. There was a deficiency in the amount of sunshine, notwithstanding the fact that there was a large excess during the first half of the month. The dry weather and brisk winds during the first half of the month were favorable for drying out the corn crop and husking began between the 15th and 18th, and more than the usual amount would have been cribbed, during October but for the rains between the 19th and 28th which pre- vented all field work. Husking was resumed on the 29th, and it is estimated that fully 15% of the crop had been harvested by the close of the month, at which time the work was being vigorously pushed. The rains near the close of September revived pastures and put the soil in good condition to plow, and considerable plowing and fall seeding was done during the first ten days of October when it again became too dry, and that work was suspended until after the 27th, since which time plowing has been resumed. The long continued and, in many places, heavy rains between October 19th and 28th, replenished the water supply, revived the pastures and meadows and put the soil in excellent condition for winter. Tempebatuke. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 110 stations, was 51.1°, which is 0.8° below the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 49.6°, which is 0.5° below the normal; Central section, 51.2°, which is 0.6° below the normal; Southern section 52.6°, which is 1.1° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was 54.4°, at Burlington and Keokuk, Des Moines and Lee counties, and the lowest monthly mean 46.6°, at Sib- ley, Osceola county. The highest temperature reported was 89°, at Cla- rinda, Ottumwa, Ames and "Woodburn, Page, Wapello, Story and Clarke counties, on the 14th and 16th; the lowest temperature reported was 17°, at Atlantic, Cass county, on the 12th. The average monthly maximum was 82.9°, and the average monthly minimum was 24.7°. The greatest daily range was 58°, at Clarinda, Page county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 38.5°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 118 stations, was 3.38 inches, which is 1.03 inches above the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: North- ern section, 3.37 inches, which is 1.10 inches above the normal; Cen- tral section, 3.13 inches, which is .69 inch above the normal; Southern section, 3.64 inches; which is 1.29 inches above the normal. The great- est amount, 8.83 inches, occurred at Lamoni, Decatur county, and the least, .58 inch, at Clinton, Clinton county. The greatest amount in twen- 22 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ty-four hours, 2.96 inches, occurred at Plover, Pocahontas county, on the 24th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 8 days. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average nunjber of clear days was 16; partly cloudy, 6; cloudy, 9. The duration of sunshine was below the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 67 at Daven- port; 60 at Des Moines; 57 at Dubuque; 62 at Keokuk; 50 at Sioux City, and 57 at Omaha, Neb. Wind. — South winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 48 miles per hour from the south, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 19th. DEOUTIIS IN IOWA. September, 1908, will go on record as having had the longest period without rain of any September since the establishment of weather stations in this state. With the exception of a few light showers in small sections of the state on the 5th, 13th and 23d, there was practic- ally no rainfall from the night of August 31st to the night of September 25th, making, at most of the stations in this section, twenty-five rain- less days. Copious rains fell in all parts of the state between the night of the 25th and the 28th. During the dry period the temperature was considerably above the normal and the weather was almost cloud- less. The atmosphere was, however, more or less hazy, and over the eastern counties light to dense smoke was observed from the 14th to the 23d, presumably due to forest fires in the upper lake region. From the 4th to the 25th, inclusive, the maximum temperatures ranged from 80 to above 90°, and the night temperatures were correspondingly high. Previously to September 1st, the conditions had been favorable for abundance of soil moisture; there being an excess of precipitation for the state of 3.84 inches in May, 1.14 inches in June and .78 inches in August, and a deficiency of .78 inch in July, making a total excess of 4.98 inches for the four months. May to August inclusive. All ponds, streams and sloughs were well filled with water and in May and June the rivers approached the flood stage, so that there was more than the normal amount of moisture in the soil on September 1st and all wells furnished a good supply of water during the entire month. The effect of the dry, hot weather during September was very injurious to pastures, late potatoes, garden truck, buckwheat, late fruits and the surface water supply. By the 15th pastures were brown and the soil was too dry and hard to plow, and by the 25th the fields were dusty and most of the ponds, sloughs and small streams were dry. The stage of water in all rivers was low and in some, the stage was said to be the lowest ever before known. While the effects of the drouth were serious and damaging to pastures, late potatoes and apples, the beneficial effects to corn more than overbalanced the injury done, and it may as well be said that the dry w^eather was of great benefit to this state. Corn, the principal crop in this section, was unusually late due to the heavy and continuous rains during the latter part of May and June and the fore part of July, NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 23 which retarded planting and prevented the cultivation of early planted fields, and as a result all corn was green and but little of it had begun to show any signs of maturity by September 1st. After September 1st corn was rapidly pushed toward maturity and by the 15th of the month a large percentage of the early planted fields were safe from the effect of frost, and the late planted fields were making rapid progress. By the 25th fully 90 per cent of the crop was far enough advanced to escape any material injury from the frost which occurred on the 28th and 29th, and the remainder of the crop was in most cases well dented so that it will have considerable value for feed. Agricultural interests in this state are more frequently and more extensively injured by excessive moisture than by drouthy conditions. The last serious drouth prior to 1908 was in the summer of 1901, and then the damage to crops was largely due to continuous and excessively high temperatures and hot winds coming as they did during the period of pollination and earing of corn. From April 1st to August 31st of that year, the monthly deficiency of rainfall for the state was as follows, viz: April, 1.04 inches; May, 2.15; June, .81; July, 2.10, and August, 2.70 inches, making a total deficiency for the five months of 8.80 inches. The monthly mean and daily maximum temperatures of July w^ere higher than ever before known, the monthly mean for the state being 82.4°, or 8.7° above the normal, and the daily maximum temperatures from the 1st to the 26th, inclusive, were very near or above 100°, the absolute maximum being 113° at Sigourney. The dry, hot weather was very damaging to pastures and garden truck and materially reduced the yield of corn for the year. The following is quoted from the Monthly Report of the Iowa Section for September, :!897, and shows the effects of the drouth and hot winds during that month: "This month brought a marked change and the summary ending of a peculiar and fitful crop season. The first half broke all former records of September whether for the corresponding period, by abnormally high temperatures, intense insolation, hot southerly winds and severe drouthy conditions. At the central station the sum of the excess in temperature was 228° for the first 15 days, making a daily average of over 15° above the normal. During 12 days the maximum temperatures ranged from 90 to 98°. This extreme heat and general aridity produced a notable effect upon immature crops, and all forms of vegetable life. Most of the early planted corn, which with normal temperature and moisture would have required two to four weeks to ripen in the best condition, was swiftly hurried to maturity, with more or less detriment to its quality. The transformation from milk and dough to the dented stage was too sudden to secure normal development of the grain. All corn planted betimes on deep, rich soil, well culti- vated and possessing a good storage of moisture, came through with a fair average yield, and is but little impaired in quality. But the crop on exposed uplands, and on thin soils, generally suffered extensive damage by "firing" and premature drying up. "Frosts were noted in the northern districts on September 17th and 18th, and on the morning of the 20th a killing frost was reported in all districts. The bulk of the corn crop, however, was beyond the 24 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE danger line, and probably less than 10 per cent was in condition to receive any appreciable injury from the frost. But potato vines and tender garden truck were cut down in all exposed localities. As a result of the dry weather, hot winds and early frosts, the potato yield has been greatly reduced everywhere, and in some sections the crop of late potatoes is well nigh a total failure. "The pastures and meadows have suffered the most damaging ef- fects of the drouth and heat. Fall pasturage was almost wholly used up, and farm stock have been quite generally fed from the corn fields, or from the forage reserves provided for the winter season. "Fall plowing and sowing winter grain were retarded by the dry and hard condition of the soil, and the prospective acreage of winter wheat has been decreased thereby. "With all its drawbacks and abnormal conditions, however, the season of 1897 has brought forth liberal returns for the labors of faith- ful tillers of the soil. The final roundup will show that the state has produced a bountiful surplus for export to less favored regions." "The most disastrous drouth of which we have authentic record as having occurred in this state was in 1894, following as it did the dry year of 1893. There was a total deficiency in rainfall in 1893 of 5.06 inches, and in 1894 there was a deficiency of 10.71 inches. From May 1st, 1893, to August 31, 1894, there was a deficiency of 17.61 inches. During that period the rainfall was below the normal for every month except December, 1893, January, March and April, 1894, when there was an excess of .12 inch, .04, .11 and .24 inch respect- ively. The greatest deficiency was between May 1, 1894, and August 31, 1894, and by months was as follows, viz: May, 2.63; June, 1.85; July, 3.81; and August, 2.41, or a total deficiency of 10.70 inches for tne four months. The climax of the drouth came in July when the average monthly rainfall for the state was only .63 inch, which is the smallest amount ever recorded in this state during any crop growing month. Over three-fourths of the state received less than half an inch of rain during the month and a number of localities reported only a trace. On the 25th, 26th and 27th of that month, the wind velocity was very high and the temperature was generally up to 100 degrees or above. Pastures were absolutely bare of anything on which stock could secure nourishment; all small streams, shallow wells and ponds, and many deep wells and large streams were dry and corn was badly "fired". Many farmers were forced to drive their stock to or haul water from streams several miles distant in order to keep the cattle alive, and feeding hay and grain was general. The yield of corn was only 12 bushels per acre which is the smallest yield of that crop ever known in this state. In 1886 a drouth began in Iowa in May and continued during June, July and August, which was very severe during the last two months. The records of this office show that the rainfall during those months was as follows, viz: May, 4.01 inches, all but .74 inch falling during the first decade of the month; June, 1.21; July, .27; August 1.10 inches, making a total of 3.32 inches from the middle of May to the ead of NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 25 August. There was only .04 inch of rain fell during the 39 days from June 21st to July 29th, inclusive. The precipitation charts in the National Weather Review show that the worst of the drouth was confined principally to Iowa, although parts of the adjacent states had a deficiency of rainfall during most of the summer. The following is an extract from a description of the drouth in Iowa, furnished by Gustavus Hinrichs, M. D., then director of the "Iowa Weather Service": "Since the middle of May Iowa has been subjected to a drouth, the most severe on record. Fortunately, the greater part of the state has been favored with rains sufficient to break the drouth temporarily toward the close of June. ************. "the drouth at IOWA CITY. "In thp early summer of 1886, the last good rain fell on May 13th. Since that time we have had no rain reaching half an inch until August 4th. Thus we had no serviceable shower for 83 days. The total rams which fell in this interval were 0.02 inch during the last decade of May; 0.41 during the first, 0.17 during the second, and 0.25 inch during the third decade of June. During the entire month of July we had only one-tenth of an inch of rain here. The total rainfall during the 83- days of our drouth was 0.95 inch only. The normal rainfall for this part of our season is 10.32 inches. Our pastures have been brown for a long time, and burn readily from sparks of passing trains, unless cropped bare by stock. Meadows yielded a good crop of most excel- lent hay due to early rains, but the stubble remains brown and looks dead. A great deal of corn is stunted and cannot yield much of a crop, and where no ears have formed, will yield but little fodder. Small grain, especially oats, are good in grain and yield fair to good, where sown early to be developed by the spring rains; in that case the straw is good too, and thus will be quite an item in this winter's feed. It will be seen that even here, where the drouth is extreme, there is not a failure of crops, because our farming operations are sufficiently diversified to make a total failure almost an impossibility. "the belt of continuous drouth. "A belt running diagonally from northwest to southeast through Iowa marked the region of greatest drouth in the state, because no rain fell in this belt amounting to one inch during any ten days of this drouth. From Marshall county a branch of this belt goes east over Iowa and Johnson to Scott county. Throughout this forking belt the drouth has been the most severe, because continuous. In area this comprises probably one-tenth of the entire state. The description given above of the drouth at Iowa City will apply more or less to all parts of this belt." In years gone by there have been many local drouths, covering a comparatively small area of the state and several that were general over this and adjacent states, but there are no authentic data at hand to verify the statements of the older inhabitants as to their severity. 26 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NOVEMBEE. The weather during the larger part of November was very mild and pleasant, although the precipitation was above normal in all sec- tions of the state. The rains, however, came in periods lasting but one or two days, and during the intervals there were long spells of fair weather. The temperature was high to moderate during most of the month; the only periods of cold weather were between the 11th and 17th and on the 30th, and even then the cold was not excessive, there being no station in the state which reported a minimum temperature as low as zero. During the past eighteen years there have been only three Novembers with a higher mean temperature than was recorded during the past month, and but four during which temperatures below zero were not recorded. From the 2d to the 8th and from the 17th to the 25th the maximum temperatures ranged from 50° to above 70°; the highest occurring at most stations on the 18th. Light and scattered rains fell on the 1st and general rains from the 22d to the 25th and on the 29th and 30th, with snow flurries on the 13th and 14th. The amounts of precipitation were small except from the 22d to the 25th, when they ranged from about half an inch to over two inches; the largest amounts being reported from the eastern coun- ties. The conditions were unusually favorable for field and other out- door work, except during and immediately after the rainy periods when the fields were too soft to haul heavy loads of corn. Corn husking was rapidly pushed and nearly 90 per cent of that crop had been harvested by the close of the month, with only about 9 per cent reported as being soft. The rains have replenished the water supply, and all wells and streams now have a sufficient quan- tity to meet all demands during the winter. Considerable fall plow- ing was done during the month, and meadows, pastures and fall grains are reported as being in excellent condition. Temperatuee. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of the 115 stations, was 39.3°, which is 3.4° above the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as fol- lows: Northern section, 36.9°, which is 3.2° above the normal; Central section, 39.4°, which is 3.7° above the normal; Southern section, 41.5°, which is 3.3° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 45.2, at Keokuk, Lee county, and the lowest monthly mean, 35.4°, at Britt and Sibley, Hancock and Osceola counties. The highest temperature re- ported was 80°, at Saint Charles, Madison county, on the 18th; the low- est temperature reported was 5°, at Sioux Center, Sioux county, on the ."^.Oth. The average monthly maximum was 69.1°, and the average month- ly minimum was 12.9°. The greatest daily range was 55°, at Sibley, Osceola county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 39.6°. Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 122 stations, was 1.56 inches, which is .17 inch above the normal. By sections, the averages were as follows: Northern section, 1.53 inches, which is .22 inch above the normal; Central section, 1.45 inches, which is .02 inch above the normal; Southern section, 1.70 NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 27 inches, which is .26 inch above the normal. The greatest amount, 3.31 inches, occurred at Clinton, Clinton county, and the least, .21 inch, at Pacific Junction, Mills county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 1.90 inches, occurred at Leon, Decatur county, on the 24th. The average snowfall, unmelted, was 1.4 inches, the average for the three sections being as follows: Northern section, 2.2 inches; Cen- tral section, 1.2 inches; Southern section, 0.9 inch. The greatest monthly snowfall, 7.0 inches, occurred at Sioux Center, Sioux county, and the greatest 24-hour amount, 5.0 inches, at Alton and Sioux Center, Sioux county, on the 25th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 5 days. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 14; partly cloudy, 7; cloudy, 9. The duration of sunshine was slight- ly above the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 59 at Charles City; 57 at Davenport; 54 at Des Moines; 47 at Dubuque; 51 at Keokuk; 55 at Sioux City, and 62 at Omaha, Neb. Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 54 miles per hour from the northwest at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 30th. DECEMBER. The month of December was unusually mild and pleasant, there being no severe storms and but two or three days of very cold weather. The mean temperature w^as, however, 1.6° lower than in December, 1907, due to low minimum temperatures on a few days. During the past 18 years, there have been five Decembers with a higher mean temperature and five with a smaller average amount of precipitation. The month opened clear and cold with the minimum temperature nearly zero in the northern portions of the state on the 1st and 2d which was followed by warmer weather until the 5th, when show began falling and continued during the night. The storm was general in all parts of the state and from one to seven inches of snow fell, making it the heaviest snow storm during the month, but, fortunately, there was but little wind and the drifting was slight and travel was not materially affected. A severe cold wave swept over the state on the afternoon and night of the 6th, resulting in temperatures below zero in all but the extreme eastern counties. From the 8th to the 29th the weather was generally pleasant with moderate temperature. The month closed with high northwest winds and a cold wave. The corn harvest was finished early in the month under the most favorable conditions and there was some plowing done in the southeastern counties between the 20th and 30th. Stock was in the stalk fields during the entire month and are reported as being in excellent condition. As the ground was covered with snow during the coldest period, winter grain has not yet been injured. Tempekatuke. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown by the records of 115 stations, was 27.2°, which is 3.6° above the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern section, 24.0°, which is 3.1° above the normal; Cen- tral section, 27.4°, which is 3.6° above the normal; Southern section, 30.2V which is 4.0° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 28 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 33.4° at Keokuk, Lee county, and the lowest monthly mean was 19.5° at Northwood, Worth county. The highest temperature reported was 67° at Washington, Washington county, on the 14th; the lowest tempera- ture reported was 17° below zero at Alton, Sioux county, and Dows, Wright county, on the 7th. The average monthly maximum was 52.2°, and the average monthly minimum was 8.9° below zero. The greatest daily range was 50° at Carroll, Carroll county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 34.2°. Peecipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by the records of 120 stations, was .57 inch, which is .62 inch below the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern sec- tion, .93 inch, which is .10 inch below the normal; Central section, .46 of an inch, which is .74 inch below the normal; Southern section, .33 inch, which is 1.00 inch below the normal. The greatest amount, 2.07 inches, occurred at Ridgeway, Winneshiek county, and the least, .05 inch, at Greenfield, Adair county, and Whitten, Hardin county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 1.18 inch, occurred at Osage, Mitchell county, on the 16th. The average snow fall, unmelted, was 3.8 inches. By sections, the averages were as follows: Northern section, 4.3 inches; Central sec- tion, 4.0 inches; Southern section, 3.1 inches. The greatest monthly snowfall, 8.4 inches, occurred at Inwood, Lyons county, and the great- est amount in twenty-four hours, 7.0 inches, at Belle Plaine, Ben- ton county, on the 6th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 3 days. Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 15; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 8. The duration of sunshine was generally above the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 62 at Charles City, 49 at Davenport, 60 at Des Moines, 44 at Dubuque, 53 at Keokuk, 54 at Sioux City, and 61 at Omaha, Neb. Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 50 miles per hour from the northwest at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 30th. AVERAGE DATES OF LAST KILLING FROST IN SPRING AND FIRST IN AUTUMN, IN IOWA. 1 Oar, FROST Station Average Date of Date of First Killing m Autumn Last in Spring Earliest Killing in Autumn Latest In Spring Charles City 17 35 31 35 37 38 19 Sept. 26 Oct. 13 Oct. 10 Oct. 13 Oct. 15 Oct. 12 Sept. 27 May 16 April 22 April 22 April 21 April 11 April 16 May i Sept. 12 Sept. 18 Sept. 13 Sept. 27 Sept. 18 Sept 18 Sept. 13 May 29 May 22 May 22 May 21 May 4 May 19 May 21 Davenport Des Moines Dubuque Keokuk Omaha, Nebraska Sioux City NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 29 DATES OF LAST KILLING FROST IN SPRING AND FIRST IN AUTUMN IN IOWA FOR 1908 Stations Killing Frost Last in Spring Last in Autumn Stations Killing Frost Last in Spring Last in Autumn Afton Albia - Algona - -— Allerton — Alta Alton Amana Ames Atlantic Audubon Baxter Bedford Belle Plaine Bloomfleld Bonaparte Boone — Britt Burlington Carroll Cedar Rapids Chariton Charles City Clarinda — Clear Lake Clinton — Columbus Junction Coming — Corydon Creston Davenport Decorah Delaware Denison Des Moines — - De Soto — . Elkader .^ Dubuque Earlham Elliott - Elma Estherville Fayette Fairfield Forest City Fort Dodge - Grand Meadow — Greene Grinnell Grundy Center Guthrie Center Hampton Hancock Harlan Hopeville Humboldt Independence Indianola May 2 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 28 May 3 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 28 May 3 Sept. 28 May 3 Sept. 28 May 3 Sept. 29 May 4 Sept. 28 May 9 Sept. 28 May 9 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 28 May 3 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 28 May 9 Sept. 28 May 3 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 28 May 3 Sept. 28 May 3 Sept. 28 May 3 Sept. 28 May 3 Sept. 29 May 2 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 28 May 3 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 29 May 9 Sept. 29 May 3 Sept. 29 May 9 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 28 May 9 Sept. 29 May 3 Sept. 29 May 9 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 27 May 9 Sept. 28 May 3 Sept. 28 May 9 May 8 Sept. 28 May 3 Sept. 28 May 7 Sept. 28 May 3 Sept. 29 May 3 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 28 May 3 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 28 May 3 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 28 May 9 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 28 May 3 Sept. 28 May 3 Sept. 28 May 2 Sept. 28 Inwood Iowa City Iowa Falls Keokuk Keosauqua _. Knoxville Larrabee Le Mars Lenox Leon _- Little Sioux Logan Marshalltown .- Mason City Mount Ayr Mount Pleasant New Hampton _. Newton Northwood Odebolt Olin Onawa Osage Oskaloosa Ottumwa Pacific Junction Pella Perry Plover _ Pocahontas Ridgeway Rock Rapids — Saint Charles — Sheldon Sibley Sigourney Sioux Center Sioux City Stockport Storm Lake Thurman Tipton Toledo Wapello Washington Washta Waterloo Waukee Waverly Webster City _— West Bend Whitten Wilton Junction Winterset Woodburn Zearing May 9 May 3 May 9 May 2 May 2 May 2 May 8 May 9 May 2 May 2 May 9 May 8 May 3 May 3 May 2 May 2 May 3 May 2 May 3 May 7 May 3 May 2 May 3 May 2 May 3 May 8 May 2 May 2 May 8 May 3 May 3 May 9 May 2 May 8 May 8 May 2 May 7 May 2 May 2 May 3 May 2 May 3 May 3 May 2 May 2 May 9 May 2 May 2 May 3 May 9 May 3 May 3 May 4 May 2 May 9 May 3 30 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE aiBQ jsa^oq aaea jsaq^iH 8Jn • a CO aaaa > 5 O) M Sh W O CJ -a -a o rt ^^ lO (M Irt OS to ITJ < I-IO* I-H rH C^ < -a 2.2 .So 2 S o! M I I M I I I III "^ I IS 1 I I >> I 'i^ "alia 1 1 l-t: I i'g $ \ \B ! ! 1^ 1 lo c o ift (M -^ O (>i O ^ I CO Ift C3 <£^^ tCji^ o c c O O CJ O 5 c; c s S 3 .^ o ci s- o o o cj g; G s o) '~> OJ ~5 lO O O © OJ rH CO V O C OJ 8UIITBA8J(I vCpnoio ^P.oiO'W JTJ8I0 •dioajj ajoui JO TO* miAi iBaox aSB9T TT»Jox asajBaJO 9jn -3JBd9a eSBjaAv IOOr-IOOU3lOeOOl0500 )cot>ooTHO©c»o-^lft nooooiAeooocsMooioeo as o c3 >5CS n_ — -H Qi M c3 rt a >« (1) c;coir>t~cof^OL-3i.'5oO'Hio OiM-^ocot-t-cowmwO Uri^ a W I "2 G >. • •- 9 ^ • ^^:§|a5^ s S?3^5J§^g§c;3S IH CO CO -^;2;;il CI © CO 00 CON s S^SSS Sg?3g^g , H_ 1 CO -H ,-^^:;l^i ■H< C5GQ wSo S^g^SS r-l,H OCO-*iHCOl-( ^ O^ C^ G G == " O <= ^ NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 31 CLIMATE AND CROP REVIEW. Crop Season of 1908. During the first and second decades of January the temperature was decidedly above the normal and was not down to zero, except in the northern districts, until the 23d. After that date the temperature was more seasonable and records of zero or below were reported on one or more dates from all sections of the state; the lowest for the month and winter occurring on the 29th. The average precipitation was below the normal, and the amounts were uniformly small; the only storm of con- sequence was on the 31st, and was attended by rain, sncw and sleet, the latter causing a great deal of damage to fruit-trees, telegraph, telephone, and electric car lines, but, on the whole, the month was exceptionally pleasant with an abundance of sunshine. February opened cold with the temperature below zero on the 1st and 2d, and these were the coldest days of the month. After the 2d, the weather was quite moderate, except on the 18th, 20th and 27th, when the temperature was nearly to or below zero; but the average temperature for the month was considerably above the normal, the greatest excess being in the northern counties where it averaged 5.9° above the normal. The precipitation was heavier than ever before recorded in February since the organization of the State Weather Service in 1890. The snow- fall was unusually heavy, and the excess in precipitation for the month was due mostly to the severe snowstorm which swept over the state on the 18th. It was the most severe storm of tne winter; the amounts of snow ranged from 2 to 4 inches, in the northern counties, to 10 to 16 inches, in southern and eastern counties. The storm vras attended by high winds which drifted the snow badly and delayed traflfic in all sec- tions of the state, and, on some of the railroads in the southern section, no trains were run for two days. The snow melted rapidly on the 22d and 23d, and at the close of the month the ground was uncovered except a trace in the northeastern counties. The w^eather during March was excetionally mild and pleasant with the temperature uniformly above the normal, and the precipitation below the normal, except over the east central counties. The coldest day of the month was on the 8th, when the minimum temperatures in a few of the northwestern counties were from one to eight degrees below zero. The precipitation was quite well distributed and fell mostly in the form of rain, no snow being reported except small amounts in the central and northern counties. The month afforded more than the usual number of pleasant days for farm and other out-door work. The growth of vegetation was not as far advanced at the end of the month as it was at the close of March, 1907, but fully .as much seeding of small grain and plowing for corn had been done. 32 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE April opened and closed with cool waves during which the tem- peratures were below freezing. During the first three days the mini- mum temperatures ranged from 11° to 18° over the northern district, and from 14° to 24° in the southern district. From the 3d to the 27th the weather was moderate and generally very pleasant with maximum tem- peratures, at some stations, above 90° on the 13th and 19th. There was an excess of sunshine, and, except in a few localities, where heavy local showers occurred, there was less than the usual amount of rainfall, the greatest deficiency occurring over the southwestern and southern counties. The conditions were exceptionally favorable for work in the fields, and the seeding of small grain was practically completed at the beginning of the third decade, and at the close of the month more than the usual amount of ground had been prepared for corn. Up to the 27th, the prospects for a fruit crop were never better, but the frosts and freezing temperatures during the last three days of the month did considerable damage to the buds, especially in southern counties. The cool wave, which swept over the state during the last three days of April, continued until the 3d of May, causing heavy to killing frost in all parts of the state on the 2d, which resulted in further injury to fruit and garden truck. From the 3d to the close of the month there were no decided changes in temperature, it being quite moderate and uniform, so that the monthly average was but a fraction of a degree below the normal. The month was, however, characterized by abnormally heavy rainfall and the frequency of showers. Rain fell in some part of the state on every day of the month. The average amount of precipitation was 8.34 inches, or 3.84 inches above the normal. This record has been exceeded in May but twice during the past 19 years, viz.: 1892 and 1903, with an average amount of 8.77 and 8.55 inches respectively. The excessive rainfall caused flood stages in all streams and rivers, washed hillsides, overflowed low and bottom lands, prevented the completion of corn planting and the cultivation of the early planted fields. There was about 20% of the corn area to be planted at the close of the month and a great deal of replanting to be done. During June the average temperature was below the normal and the rainfall exceeded the normal by 1.14 inch. In the western portion of the upper Des Moines river valley, the excess ranged from 4 to over 7 inches; the greatest monthly rainfall reported was 11.88 inches at Plover in Pocahontas county. Severe thunderstorms, accompanied by wind squalls and hail, were frequent; the most damaging wind storm occurred at Charles City, in Floyd county, on the afternoon of the 7th, and one of the worst hailstorms on record in this state swept over Howard, Winneshiek, Allamakee and Clayton counties on the evening of the 20th, causing damage to the extent of over $400,000. The frequent and heavy rains prevented work in the fields, kept the rivers up to flood stages, flooded all low and flat lands and caused considerable washing of the soil on hillsides, and as a result, farmers in some sections of tne state were planting or replanting corn up to the close of the month. But in spite of the adverse conditions the early planted corn on high and well NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 33 tilled land showed a good stand and was exceptionally clean, and some fields were laid by before the end of the month. The excessive moisture and moderately cool weather were very beneficial to grass, and the hay crop of 1908 will go on record as having been one of the largest yields per acre ever harvested in this state. The cherry crop was light in southern and fair in the northern counties, where the buds were not so far advanced at the time of the frosts in May. July was an exceptionally good harvest month, the temperature being very nearly normal and but little rainfall after the 7th. The number of wind squalls and hailstorms were less than is usual in July; the worst windstorm occurred on the afternoon of the 26th in Ida county and caused considerable damage to crops and buildings; and the worst hailstorm of the month occurred on the 17th near Woodburn, Clarko county. Small grain harvest began during the second week and was nearly completed and threshing operations were in full progress before the close of the month. Corn made rapid growth but was very uneven in size, owing to the long interval of time between the early and late planted fields. The mean temperature of August was 1.8° below and the average precipitation was .78 inch above the normal. The highest temperature of the summer was recorded during the month, the maximum being 101.° The rainfall was fairly well distributed both as to amount and number of showers. The weather was favorable for the growth of vegetation and for farm work. Harvest was finished and threshing was well advanced at the close of the month. Corn made rapid advancement but showed no indication of ripening. September will go on record as having had the longest drouthy period of any September during the past ly years, and for its long period of high temperature which averaged 4.2° above the normal. With the exception of a few scattered showers on the 4th and 5th, 13th and 23d, there was no rain in the state from the night of August 31st to the night of September 25th. The warm, dry weather prevented fall plowing and was injurious to pastures and the surface water supply, but was very beneficial to corn, preparing it for the killing frost and freezing tem- peratures which came on the 28th and 29th. Fall plowing, which had been delayed by the dry weather, was resumed after the copious showers on the 26th, 27th and 28th. Drouthy conditions prevailed from the 1st to the 19th of October, with an excess of temperature during the same period, but during the last decade of the month the conditions were reversed, the average temperature for the month being below and the precipitation above the normal. The clear, dry and warm weather with brisk winds during the first half of the month caused the corn crop to dry out rapidly and husking began between the 15th and 18th, but was delayed by the rains between the 19th and 28th so that only about 15% of the crop was cribbed at the close of the month. November was an exceptionally mild and pleasant month with an average temperature 3.4° above the normal, and a slight excess of pre- cipitation. There were no severe rain or sleet storms and but one light 3 34 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE snowstorm. The clear and warm weather was favorable for out-door work and nearly 90% of the corn crop had been harvested by the close of the month. Considerable fall plowing was done and meadows, pastures and fall grains were reported as being in good condition. The clear and mild weather continued during December, there being an excess of 3.6° in temperature and a deficiency of .62 inch in precipitation with an abun- dance of sunshine. There was but one period during the month when the temperatures were generally below zero. On the 6th and 7th, the temperature ranged from zero to 17° below zero. COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE-ANNUAL Temperature Precipitation 1 *-rt S a d "5 < m 4f ■3 «l < Sf^ d .d 5 o 03 a II 22 >0Q s 5 Q ^ Q < O ^ «J 1890 48.0 110 July 13 —27 January 22 31.28 45.74 16.00 1891 47.3 106 Au^st 9 —31 February 4 32.90 49.05 23.48 1892 46.6 104 July 11 —38 January 19 36. 5S 48.77 24.78 31.7 1893 45.7 102 July *13 —36 January 14 27.59 33.27 19.19 36.2 1894 49.7 109 July 26 —37 January 25 21.94 29.81 15.65 18.4 1895 47.2 104 May 28 —33 February 1 26.77 35.25 18.57 25.5 1896 48.6 104 July 3 —20 January 4 37.23 51.60 28.68 19.8 1897 47.9 106 July *23 —30 January 25 26.97 36.18 20.21 38.5 1898 47.7 103 August 20 —25 December 31 31.34 55.47 19.51 38.6 1899 47.5 104 September 6 —40 February 11 28.68 42.06 21.79 23.2 1900 49.3 103 August 3 —27 February 15 34.15 47.33 25.05 26.3 1901 48.9 113 July 22 —31 December 15 24.41 37.69 16.35 37.2 1902 47.7 98 July 30 —31 January 27 43.^ 58.80 20.14 27.7 1903 47.7 101 August 24 —27 December 13 35.39 50.53 26.41 19.1 1904 46.3 100 July 17 —32 January 27 28.51 38.93 19.34 30.3 1905 47.2 104 August 11 — 41 February 2 36.56 52.26 24.66 37.9 1906 48.4 102 July 21 —32 February 10 31.60 44.34 20.63 32.5 1907 48.0 102 July 5 —31 February 5 31.61 43.90 19.93 24.3 1908 49.5 101 August 3 —18 January 29 35.26 49.98 24.11 20.7 *And other dates. IOWA CROP REPORT— JUNE 1, 1908. Acreage of Farm Crops. Estimated Condition of Staple Crops. Fruit AND Live Stock. Reports received June 1st from county and township correspondents of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service show the following results as to the number of acres and average condition of staple farm crops; also the condition of fruit and live stock. Corn. — The estimated number of acres of corn planted appears to be 8,970,900, or an increase of 112,820 acres as compared with the area harvested in 1907. It is probable that some of the acreage intended to be planted will have to be abandoned necessitating a revision of the above NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 35 estimate, and the revised report will be given in July, together with the acreage by counties. The average condition of the corn already planted on June 1st was placed at 92 per cent for the state, as against 88 per cent on June 1, 1907. Wheat. — The area of spring wheat is estimated to be 323,467 acres, and winter wheat, 85,147 acres, making a total wheat acreage of 408,614 acres. This is 12,511 acres less than was harvested in 1907. The esti- mated condition of winter wheat was 101, and spring wheat 100 as compared with 91 and 88 per cent respectively on the same date last year. Oats. — The acreage of oats is placed at 97 per cent, and the average condition 102 per cent. Last year the condition on June 1st was 89 per cent. Barley. — Acreage sown, 397,408 acres, or 198 acres more than last year. The average condition is 101 as compared with 81 per cent on June 1, 1907. Rye. — Acreage 97; estimated condition, 101 per cent, as compared with 91 per cent last year. Flax. — Area seeded, 95 per cent; condition, 96 per cent. Potatoes. — Acreage planted, 101; condition, 98 per cent. Last year the condition was 86 per cent. Meadows. — Acreage, 96 per cent; condition 104 per cent, as compared with 74 per cent last year. The average condition of meadows on June 1st during the past five years is 93 per cent. Pastures. — The acreage is about 99 per cent, and the condition is 106. Last year the condition was 80 per cent. Condition of Fruit. — Apples, 67 per cent; plums, 57; peaches, 51; cherries, 71; grapes, 81; strawberries, 87; raspberries, 81; blackberries, 86. Condition of Live Stock. — Cattle, 99 per cent; hogs, 94; horses, 98; sheep, 99; foals, 94; spring pigs, 90. IOWA CROP REPORT, JULY 1, 1908. Following is a summary of reports received from crop correspond- ents of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, showing the estimated con- dition of the staple crops, July 1, 1908, as compared with the average condition on that date in past years: Corn, 85 per cent; winter wheat, 99; spring wheat, 94; oats, 90; rye, 95; barley, 93; flax, 89; hay crop, 103; pastures, 104; potatoes, 99; apples, 50; plums, 40; grapes, 80. Condition last year: Corn, 76; spring wheat, 90; oats, 89; barley, 90; rye, 94; flax, 91; hay crop, 78; pastures, 92; potatoes, 98; apples, 42; grapes, 80. A revise destimate of the area of corn planted this year shows about 95 per cent, or an average decrease of a little over 5 per cent, compared with the area planted in 1907. 36 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 37 IOWA CROP REPORT, JULY 25, 1908. Following is a summary of reports received from crop correspond- ents of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, showing the estimated con- dition of the staple crops July 25, 1908, as compared with the average condition on that date in past years: Corn, 88 per cent; spring wheat, 93; oats, 85; flax, 92; barley, 94; hay crop, 104; pastures, 102; po- tatoes, 93; apples, 48; grapes, 78. Conditions August 1, 1907: Corn, 79 per cent; spring wheat, 85; oats, 76; barley, 85; flax, 88; hay, 80; potatoes, 90; pastures, 100; apples, 40; grapes, 84. FINAL CROP REPORT, 1908. Final Report for the State — Total Yield of Soil Products — Value AT Farm Prices, December 1, 1908. Following is a summary of crop reports from correspondents of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service showing the average yield per acre and total yields of staple soil products, and the average prices at the farms or nearest stations, December 1, 1908. The value gained by feeding farm crops for the production of live stock, poultry, and dairy products is not taken into consideration in this report. Corn. — A revised report of the estimated corn acreage, made July 1, after the heavy rains had ceased, indicated that the area planted this year was 8,399,610 acres, or 458,390 acres less than the area planted in 1907. The average yield per acre for the state this year was 35.9 bushels, making a total yield of 301,873,150 bushels. This exceeds the average yield of the ten preceding years by over ten million bushels. The average farm price on December 1st was 51 cents per bushel, making the aggre- gate value $153,955,306, and the most valuable corn crop ever raised in the State. Owing to the high temperature and dry weather in September, the late planted fields were rushed toward maturity too rapidly and as a result about 9% of the crop is reported as being soft; otherwise the condition of the crop is excellent. Wheat. — Winter wheat area harvested, 85,147 acres; yield per acre, 19.7 bushels; total yield, 1,678,540 bushels; average price, 86 cents per bushel; total value, $1,443,544. Spring wheat area harvested, 323,467 acres; average yield, 15.4 bushels per acre; total product, 4,968,250 bushels; price per bushel, 86 cents; total value, $4,272,695; aggregate value of wheat, $5,716,239. Oats. — The oats crop this season has been below the average in yield per acre and weight per bushel, as a result of rust and other adverse conditions. The area harvested was 4,431,650 acres; average yield, 25.5 bushels per acre; total product, 112,830,490 bushels; aggregate value at 38 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 43 cents per bushel, $48,517,110. Last season the product was 111,190,400 bushels, valued at $43,364,256. The average total yield for the ten pre- ceding years is 124,433,092 bushels. Barley.— Area harvested, 397,408 acres; yield per acre, 26.7 bushels; total product, 10,629,660 bushels; average price, 50 cents per bushel; total value, $5,314,830. The average total yield for the preceding ten years is 13,629,872 bushels. Rye. — Area harvested, 50,893 acres; average yield, 17.1 bushels; total product, 869,072 bushels; average price, 63 cents per bushel; total value $547,515. Flax. — Area harvested, 40,833 acres; yield per acre, 11.3 bushels; total yield, 461,580 bushels; average price, $1.01 per bushel; total value, $466,195. Potatoes. — Area harvested, 118,517 acres; average yield, 89.9 bushels; total product, 10,658,290 bushels; average price, 59 cents; total value, $6,288,391. The total yield is about the same as the average yield for the preceding ten years. Hay (tame). — Average yield per acre, 1.8 tons; total product, 5,838,640 tons; average farm price, $6,16 per ton; value of crop, ^;55,966,022. Hay (wild).— Yield per acre, 1.6 tons; total product, 1,445,980 tons; average price, $5.09 per ton; total value, $7,360,038. The hay crop as a whole (tame and wild) is over 2,000,000 tons in excess of the ten-year average. NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 39 TABULATED CROP SUMMARY. __ _ . 301,873,150 bu, $ 153,955,306 ..V. "~Z'Z7i '""' 1,G78,540 bu. 1,443,544 Winter Wheat ^' ^^^ ^^^^^^,,, Spring Wheat - - --- __ _ ^^^;g3^^^,, ^^, 48.517.110 oats gg^^^^g ^^ 547^515 ^^^, „.. 10.629,660 bu. 5,314,830 ^, ^ -~ .. 461,580 bu. 466.195 p^t(^ :::::;::::;:":"": 10,608,290 bu. 6,288,391 Ir Z':^ — - 5,898,6-10 tons 35,966.022 S""^ ^.w^.^ """ - - 1 445,980 tons 7,360,038 Hay (Wild) Es imated 100,000,000 Pastures and Grazing :^^" ' , nn nm T» oK„rT.^of Estimated 110,000 Buckwheat - — ^ ^. j. ^ Tin fuv\ Sweet Potatoes S' !^ .'1 v 'Z sorghum and Broom Corn Es ima ed 1^,000 Timothv and Clover Seed Estimated 1.700,000 Timothy and Clover Alfalfa and Millet Estimated Sweet Corn 525,000 Estimated 800.000 Fruit Crops Estimated 2.500.000 Garden TruL ■;:::": Estimated 6.000.000 Total $ 376,076,648 40 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Q < J < pq ^ . o ^ o tn 9J0B jad sidqsng O « CQ Biaqsna S3J0V OS ajoB jad siaqsng sajov O en ajoB jad siaqsng sajov O CO ajOB jaa siaqsng sajDV o o c c = o g 2 c o g o 5 ?? e o LI c CO ^ O >5 GO o< ( ;gg! -^ M f^ ift CO -^ '"t ?? ^ 1 O Csi t~ O^ O O :0 ls -t< t r^ ir^ t-H 1— I OJ - c 2 g ,x 3 S S ^ = = 2 ^ t>CO M T-TrHcTr^ rt [-' '- '^ 30 -r O -r O lS -p 1--I CO t- O O C* P CC O 00 o O =-. -O S^i L." ^ iC IN GC__ W o >--: -r o i- C'^ o ^ ' so -*■ IN i-l W I c* o 55 S o 36 oi O CO l~ O CO -^ C5 i-H C-. 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X l> W 00 © CO 0> CO CO CO -t" CO CO CO . CO OJ ' CO CO I S©,©©© o ©©©© ©©© ©p©©©©©©© ©<©©©© ©© o©©©© ffpoo rnScScOin CO rHt~CO© CCCOCS COinrH00©CirHincO xH Oi ^ -* T-< ©00 r^ d ^ r-l ^ ^^OiCO 1 ^ ih © iS CO © in © m © 8S §§§§ gP8S2:?8S8 J^S^SSStS 8^ tsSS^ « cs o a> O).- 3 QOaQQQQ O) r- -3 'S ^^;±(^ CC:o C tn W ® M o t-i w aj -^ ^s2 2 S^ o KO.S a c: « o o o »-: I-} Hj (-: h. 3?^^ a a o o O '-^ d ■— C ^ r^ C£: ti f- c; cs eS ss ^ ^-i^ 42 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE O OD CO 9J0B J9d siaqsna pa O 00 8J0B jad siaqsna S8J0V «X3 O tn 8J0B jad siaqsng iiS^SS 888iSSSSS g SS8 CO ■* C 05 rH CO IMMS_^^E^SS 8S 2 t- i-H CO i-( 00 1-1 gg^SS 888$|88i; us Oi ff* o o t- in -^ CO C-- in iH 00 I ! US Oi iiij •J ' rH O 00 55 t- CO 00 CD rH t-C* 1-1 < ■ OpQO t- OQOO© po I us ■* Oi 00 r-i CO 3 O 00 f- C4 X 8S8SSS S§888S88§ ^ 88888 88 u5cDt-(N(Mt~ rH O is •* Oi ■* iS CD 00 CO (N O ^ CD (T* CD c5 ^ ^ 'S ri '^ Q rH i> CO cT -^ cT t-^ 00 c?" "o i5co'"cdcocd cT-^ co3;inoO(MN rj ^ c* co cd o t- co ci cd S rH cs e^ t- t- 06 C* 00 CO rH CO CD 05 00 CO S S S 2? S i-j fH rH I-H C5 O O CO -jTcO CO r-TcO nil ■^ 00 OSCOlOOJNt^T-lOO ^^ eooinocoOOQO' <0 rH -^ 00 O CO 'O CQ 1 £> OJ lO ■* ( 2S§i i O CO -^ -ti lo m < i j> in th «o ■* 1-1 < — ^ rH 00 lO « < >ooooooooo >COl-IO(MO^lOr^^- I O So 00 lO 00 C3 i-H Tti2cot-( l-ICO<©CO^C5l.TOCOO COrHOCOi-IOi-l(M CO iH (N lo iH eo ! CO QC O i ' C5 CO C~ I •«S< lO CO O r-l al- ^^^^^^^fe:^^ "Srt >-i o o 44 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE < Q < m W o < O Ph H m v/ in. S 5 o ^ Q H Q <^ P4 Q ^-] H S9J0V S a o o 9J0B jad suox eajov J3Cl SUOi S9J0V ^J3 o <» 9JDT3 JSd S9a.DV O 'M 9J0B JV 33 si9qsna 8|8§§ -* O c:i rH Ci iiliiii iiiiiiiiliii O t~ CO 1-1 >— 1 SgSS8gS Fif2gg[2SSSE^g|S iiiii iiiiiii '%%%%%^^%M.%%% CO CO r-l (>< ^ |^;:i^§SS*^ ^^-^^^^^ Sj'-'^^s O CO GO O 1-1 t- CO O CO -* «0 u-l O'^ltCt-COOlrHOOOOOO ^ ^ ^ ,-1 r-l i-I rM «^ iH rM r-l rH C^ rH i-l *i rH rH r-l r-l rH l-l >-l(N Iiiii iliiill iiiiiiiiiSil ^ CQ 0'-'^i>C^r-lOCOC*OOC<»RCO IN rH rH C^ r-l iH rH r-li-Hr-ieilNCii-li-Hi-lWi-ICQ ig|gS o 1-t 00 (>i S S CO ooo(50gogoogo c^o-t'oicooo6i^t-'^cdc> ^^^SJ? ^gi§^gKS5?5 «g5Oc0^C.^c0 00j^j^^ iiigi llg^lll %%'%%%%%%tt%% ^s?ssss g|||8|g *SsiSi»^§sSS g^2L3^| --£'S^-Sd 5S^*5^g8gt282SS^S I !^J Ci GO 1-1 i.~ '_- CO X C i-i S is 5 rM 2 LI- iS O CO r^ CO CO ! i-i O t- CO ~ o oj c: c\i ir: o l- c* o -f co i-. ic i~ I- co t- 8S Si r-H 0^ O* 1— I 888 88 8S 88888 88^88Sj88S888 CO ^ -t' CN* oo O 1-1 >.'^ oi CO CO lO 00 CO oi s- ••»< t^ -t rH OO 1-1 -»< If 1 O 3-. 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CO !» c. l'^ uo C fl . 9 <1^ ej ce tS s-1 a) •— rt rt e; ._ =S NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 45 <5 o <5 o o ^ ■s6 c* 00 '": 1-1 o I-l 0> t^ I-H t- < Sg8SS 828 «Oi-l-*r-lt- ©t-OO t- 00 O -^ GO to CO CC lO g888S?2gS 88 S^8§I2 g c* o i-H ir; ( CO O i<^ O ( c:5 t-( 00 c^. . o ^ p Q I; (^ s s 88S885S :?S 1^^888 88 88|88 88S g^ ;5 CO t~- 00 "O t^ CO Ci ?OO0 r-l O SS ^^' ic^c>i-T'o<:o (?< Owwo i-Hooo iftco-i^ioioe^o -tio «C50O coiA misoioirt o>oi- is oo O C5 i> CO Tf< uo ■* m 00 »o i>00O ON o -^ CO o ift 2 "^ 00 00 CO JOJ(N i-lOi Qi-HCOf^O 5>J eO-^COGOCl CVfftCO Ci C* •* t~ I I-H IN 1-1 I-I I «> rH O rHlN(?i O OD 00 L'; 00 O O C* i-l rH i-l i-l <>i N O r-( O i-H «^ oi N 00 O vfi CJ Ti< uo «5 00O I-H TH C4 8888288 8 CO (- u't ir^ ir: o o o 8882 O CJ (~ M |gg|ill 8g I- 00 22288 rH COrH O O 88 00 95 o o o OO rH CO 'sC CO M O ::c r-'r-T r-T 828 TH 6i O X C: — CO » — ,— CO -^ rH I- Cl CO l': CO 1 Tt c-j O'j CO 04 (M •* ;c -f CO 1 8888888 8 COH 000 oQooooo 00 i-joooo 00 isocoo coop rH r- CO iC^i C^ CO CO CO CJ i^ Cl Ji * C~ O H- CO O (^* -* PJ 00 £> '^ O* C^ i> rH O CO C? c5 lO CC-fi-'^O OCOCl O0DrH6iu-It-O CICO (>;01-*COrH OClff COCllO"*CO «OClt~ o o o >rT ot ^ oo Cl CO O oi "S"2" 9,12C 18,88( 9,420 20,570 17,170 1,;:!00 5,440 5 4,800 11,400 5,920 4,800 CO r-T oTc^'cO^O H-'lff rH 82 2,050 7,800 25,800 26,900 10.200 88 t-*co' 42,000 13,400 33,800 7,100 1,500 Cl I': « O COO' ■^rHtOOJO CO rH ^OOCOCO Si rH rHrHCl-^COrH •* rHOf-')-t^ Ol-* Ot-00Tt, es ei c3 46 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOJDV lf50-*0lftt^ CCCX) i-lO-*CDCOr-IOO f*< ©t-OCOCO dO» i-t OS tnoooooo ITS CO oia.-iooocvjT-i o oo?ooo£>t- Nih oo io h'^ Rg^SSS? 88 S88888S ^ SSSSS I S^ O M O t~ 00 i-H ca « t- Oi CO '^ jad SUOX jad saoj, l^ CO C^ O O lO o Ci in w o o lO O u- o co OOCOCDOCOX© i-HiO 00t-'*0t-05t- t- T-Hi-HCOOOO ooo i-irHi-lWrHr-IW ci t-t iHi-HC^Wi-Hi-li-l ri Oi 6i r1 r-l r-l Nl-I 8 8 o « CQ aaoB aad S8J0V o ao 00©C>?00C\!i-iO -^OO OOTTC^OOcT^Olrt to COCOlOrH** COt^ 55 CD CO C^ C-J i-( CO Oi c^ 00 in t^ o ■* ?:- TK Ci CO CO C* 6i Uf§U 8888888 8 §888; oooO"sJt=?:fi^S CO c;^S_ioei< rcTco"©"! I CO r-H OJ I I CO i-H rH I gSS8Sg8 S3 S§§Sg|2! § !S^ 1 8§ i i ?228Sg 8S 8 8 ©©OQor^© Oi':; 000©Q0© <0 QOm©© O© c? © riS^^O'-oco ooo s-^^-f^^^r^i <^ «?3c55o*c5.o.-i ^ ^i COt~C'!'>iO;OCi_ coo OOC^COCIrHt-© -^ OOlM-fOO rHCO CO -^ rH r-'r-T W rH .-T i-T W 55 irt © < (N IM 1-1 -"li l> CO -*< 00 t- -^ (M ■* t- 00 CD lO CO © CO © © CD CD CO S3J0V in©u:5©oo© O© ©©ooo©io© © ©©go©© ©< CO OJ CQ CO CQ wJ c^ r-; CO o I-H I-l »CQ 1-1 cj:2:t: o o o s ^-^ ^ ^S^^gg^ bo fl Cj CQ '-' 25' ?^c S' a Sj4 !?o o o o O o ^ O O 03 O a'S .S-S .osb Ph mmmmm 'HH P NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 47 o O o © o o < iO05O«0(MO0050( S W rH § S « 8 S S CO O I-H e0O00rHlf5-*O f^8SSS8888S l^ Ci CO lO C3 CO 1 ! CO "O >0(5 rH |«OCvi00i-jr>Q000rHOi li-Io*r-3c>Jr-(THrHe in 1— I O i-H < :8SS; i^-^^' ^ oo oo 00 t> rH lA CO SBqSSB ini>co-*<>ii-H£^i>c* «OQOOin--o«iOoot-co oooooi-oooci ■* O CO i-l CO ■* I-H eu cS « C3 OJ •- •- O o ^ o o > 48 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUx^TURE NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 49 sr^ ^ ♦n. ^TV 1^ «^ ^^r^^ ^ VT^ rrv i^s^- j^-s ;is^ ; :$ »i\A ^ O , OS O ! S O I ''^ 5 «^ i u Q ! I -^ i •:«: ri hs > < o ,- , 3:C-'m->'sJ^- i\s-^ i^^S"^' S^''- ii||i^s ri^g .S. X5 '>str-ij--L...'.- ' w Q i 50 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE V o _ \ i i^-i *i ■^ O i O ) ! w ^ • i ; "i <>> a * ! L 5 ^ * J S^tj ^ 5 ^ i o •-' ■ \ a >» ;i OC r, ; O^: ■"o -% ^ oc 1 . S i ^ : r- g— • ^ M : | ^ ^ ^ -i f.r •^' ^i NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 51 ^ J " • I fi , ft- ' (_ > ^ I <^ ^ e^ .: o « ft * g^ iKo Ki t* w C ^= ^ :i o « ----i--va V. bl o ' 52 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ! < •* !...?... L J 0,2 ^ low . (k " *i ! > l^iji'i 5> r^^ioP IS pi ^ < -^:v \ 5 S ? ';5SNi O C i ^ f *^ I ^ H «^ ' < ■ i "^ 5 *=» ■> J r'- SKI ! O I j NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 53 ! ^ ? 'of ! ^ ► 1^ s 'SI > > » K"|, Q o > - ' ( <3 I ^5V Z .' ^ i. --t -Jv V g;::! ::^ S^ ^•^-^^ i..^ v-i ••^-1-. — ,.- ^ !----o--i 5 ;§ i«^ ^^ ^>^ --'^'-^'^ --^^ -^- ;s:;v : ^ ^^!^i ;: ^^l^ — ^ j o^' Jfj- r-""- — -'-- _,— =-- -1 OS' i^2 i S V ' • o «i o t> o \' V. •^1 54 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 55 ~ ^ ^ o» T 2 Q v» " i^ ' '^ -( .S ^ - 56 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE S Qi ^ ^ ? < ^ ? K ^ ^ ..... .-. w-*^ ■ . . i "" S ^v ^^^n' - tiki X Tl.?..r\i.,-.. §.::?;..£ . X <^\ o ^ ' ^ ^ !j--I.^L._..'.^..j ^ ^ ^ .« ^ i ^ \ K» 5Si^ <^' K^e ' < ! 2 « i W u K u N ..J ^ I Z > 'In ai N, NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 57 PART 11. STATISTICAL TABLES OF Iowa's Principal Farm Crops. CORN CROPS-1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. -d a . Si -o u o 01 L^ (U I u V < 1880 41 230,633,200 $.25 $57,6;58,30O 5,625,200 1885 33 224,636,522 .23 51,666,400 6,803,834 1890 28 239,675,156 .41 98,266,814 8,559,827 CORN CROPS-1896-1908. Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Year 2 Is B o H Average farm value per bushel Dec. Ist -0 s o < 1896 39 29 34.5 36.3 40.3 26.2 34 31 36 37.2 41 29.6 35.9 312,692,210 239,452,150 289,214,850 306,852,710 345,055,040 227,908,8.50 296,950,230 230,511,310 323,853,330 345,871,840 388,836,252 246,898,460 301,873,150 $.14 .17 .23 .23 .27 .50 .28 .36 .35 .35 .33 .44 .51 $ 43,916,900 40,706,860 66,519,400 70,429,410 93,164,860 113,9.54,000 83,432,700 82,984,071 113,348,665 121,055,144 128,155,143 108,635,322 153,955,306 8,(M3,390 8,253,522 8,396,286 8.460,521 8,618,660 8,687,480 8,700,000 7,398,320 9,000,000 9,285,150 9 443,960 1897 1898 1899 .- 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 8,858,000 1906 8,399,610 Average 34.6 296,613,106 .32 $ 93,789,060 8,580,377 NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 59 OATS— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. -d a .> (U h t> 2 « raS 3 "5 Year Mo >. M„t > « 2^ 1^ Avera vulu bush l8t 3 o < 1880 -- 35 32.5 42,288,800 71,737,900 $.23 .21 $ 9,496,424 15,064,959 1,179,680 1885 ^- 2,207,320 18J0 29 80,002,735 .38 30,401,039 2.758,715 OATS-1896-1908. Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Dopari- ment of Agriculture. Year 2 Mo 2 3 Average farm value per bushel Dec. IBt a > 3 o u o < 1896 - 26 30 32 34.5 35 32 31 25.9 29.4 33.8 34 24.5 25.5 73,450,000 132,517,150 139,915,310 140,647,300 138,832,300 114,883,000 92,907,900 99,012,660 118,435,570 146,439,240 142,036,530 111,190,400 112,830,490 $.12 .16 .21 .19 .20 .35 .24 .30 .26 .25 .27 .39 .43 $8,814,000 21,211,380 29,383,220 26,722,980 27,766,460 40,209,230 22,297,000 29,703,798 30,793,284 36,609,810 38,349,878 43,364,256 48,517,110 2,825,000 1897 - -- 4,405,782 1898 4,299,243 1899 4,069,557 1900 .— 3,991,690 *1901 3,799,220 1902 • — 3,770,624 11903 — 3,822,822 1904 4,018,980 1905 __ 4,177,515 1906 - 1907 4,166,800 4,536,170 1908 -_ - 4,431,650 Average 30.3 120,238,298 $.259 $31,057,108 4,024,237 *Short corn crop. tExcessive moisture. WHEAT— 1880, 1885, 1900. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. ♦i ■M 0. Year -d ^ 2 g OS o Si 2^ 4) Year £20) 3 Av. farm ue per bushel Dec. 1st as > < 1880 23 4,600,000 $.42 $1,932,000 200,000 1885 5,737,095 .33 1,893,241 212,485 1.890 24 3,664,368 .47 1,722,254 152,682 BAR LEY— 1896-1908 . Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Year < 2 Av. farm value per bushel Dec. 1st (D > bO t < 1SD6 - 29 25 27.5 25.6 25.3 24.2 25 24.7 25 27.5 26.5 24.6 26.7 15,881,618 14,076,850 14,138,000 14,719,310 12,695,200 14,a54,410 15,380,910 12,179,790 12,317,710 15,566,770 14,8-58,830 9,893,330 10,629,660 $.20 .23 .30 .30 .33 .44 .33 .37 .34 .33 .36 .60 .50 $3,176,320 3,237,670 4,209,740 4,415,570 4,189,410 6,447,940 5,075,710 4,-506,-522 4,188,021 5,137,034 5,349,178 5,9a5,998 5,314,830 &47,642 1897 551,867 1898 - 509,589 1899 557,598 i9oa . - 501,740 1901 604,610 1902 - „ 594,070 1903 493,108 1904 493,370 1905 - 565,700 1906 558,870 1907 397,210 1908 397,408 Average 25.9 13,614,799 $.356 ^,706,456 520,983 Ninth annual year book— part i 61 RYE— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. •a ^ o OJ •o S^Q Year 0^ III c<3 > 0) (U >a o t> >X2^' O o < H <; Eh < 1880 -- 1 - 574,000 1,710,000 1,608,960 $.38 .42 .51 $218,120 n8,200 820,570 41,000 1885 _- - 114,000 1890 100,560 RYE— 1896-1908. Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Year 2 < 2 0) < > o (D 60 < 1896 16 15 16 16.3 15.6 15.8 17 15.6 15 18 17.5 17 17.1 1,891,716 3,490,344 3,:3r0,.5;5O 2,061,160 1,621,1:30 8.59,6:30 8S2,8:30 1,923,060 1,517,090 1,28:3, .500 1,093,160 900,060 869,072 $.25 .34 .38 .40 .43 .48 .40 .44 ..54 ..52 .48 .61 .63 $ 486,680 1,186,710 1,280,800 824,460 697,300 8.59,630 3.5:3,1:32 846,146 819,228 067,420 520,719 549,036 547,. 315 121,670 1897 - 226,198 1898 210,309 18f>9 126,236 190O 103,680 1901 54,390 1902 55,150 1903 . -_ -._ - . 123,273 1904 99,590 1905 71,305 1900 -- - - — 62,530 1907 52,975 1908 .- 50,893 Average 16.3 1,674,100 $ .454 $ 741,444 104,477 HAY— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. Year •a II < 2 -a 2 ^ a f3 lig 4) (U < *1880 *1885 1890 1.5 4,991,335 $6.84 $34,140,731 3,327,557 'No authentic data obtainable. 62 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE HAY— 1896-1908 Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Tame Hay Wild Hay .(D«3 < < 0) > * Year (U n < > >> < 1 1896 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.8 3,376,440 3,362,287 3,852,561 3,852,941 3,609,010 3,711,680 4,439,040 5,216,404 4,499,090 6,477,300 4,892,950 5,117,878 5,838,640 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.2 1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.6 2,325,000 1,939,117 1,645,419 1,458,195 1,530,050 1,268,700 1,202,860 1,191,345 1,091,590 1,313,310 1,110,690 1,172,. 590 1,445,980 5,701,440 5,301,320 5,498,080 5,311,130 5,139,060 4,980,380 5,641,900 6,407,749 5,590,680 7,790,610 6,003,640 6,290,468 7,284,620 $4.50 4.50 4.30 5.75 6.50 8.25 6.80 5.75 5,62 5.50 7.50 8.50 6.16 $3.30 3.70 3.50 4.90 5.00 6.30 5.50 4.95 4.50 4.50 5.50 6.75 5.09 $22,782,000 22,304,000 22,281,000 29,350,000 31,120,000 38,712,000 36,787,322 35,891,480 30,197,040 41,535,045 42,805,920 51,316,945 43,326,060 3,800,960 1897 — - - 1898 3,315,972 4,104,967 1899 1900 1901 3,742,655 4,078,960 3,608,450 1902 3,391,408 1903 3,651,894 1904 _ 3,707,298 1905 1906 .. 4,692,925 4,418,600 1907 4,268,730 1908 4,146,870 Average _. 1.6 4,480,478 1.27 1,438,064 5,918,539 $6.12 $4.88 $34,492,985 3,917,668 FLAX— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. Year . 0) < I *-> Av. farm value per bushel Dec. I8t "3 s u o < 1880 *1885 10 1,034,200 $1.00 .94 1.10 $1,034,200 2,503,293 3,276,989 103,420 1890 _ __ 10.5 2,929,081 283,723 ^No other data. FLAX— 1896-1908. Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart- ment of Agriculture. Year •02 2 Av. farm value per bushel Dec. 1st +.» o Eh u 1896 9.5 10 10.5 11.2 11.7 18.8 8 8.7 11 9.8 10.7 10.8 11.3 1,946,720 2,498,600 2,376,600 1,597,790 1,222,980 916,890 755,350 355,160 591,140 173,770 205,280 461,960 461,580 $ .95 .87 .80 1.04 1.50 1.29 1.00 .78 1.15 .90 .97 .98 1.01 $1,135,000 2,173,782 1,901,280 1,661,898 1,834,470 916,890 725,350 277,024 679,811 156,393 200,091 408,640 466,195 199,128 is&r 1898 1899 1900 249,882 225,014 142,175 108,850 1901 104,140 1902 1903 94,767 40,823 1904 51,370 1905 17,732 1906 1907 19,160 42,790 1908 — 40,833 Average 10.9 1,043,371 $1.02 $ 964,371 102,820 NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 63 POTATOES— 1880, 1885, 1890. Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society. -O a o 2 SSS > Year s o verage value p bushel 1st CO > o < H < H o < 1896 87 60 76 98 78 37.4 91 53.8 125 84 101 84 89.9 14,814,795 10,051,910 12,538,410 15,252,934 10,850,900 5,098,460 12,051,670 6,082,694 14,255,680 9,352,190 11,697,500 9,847,430 10,658,290 $.21 .45 .31 .24 .40 .90 .34 .75 .28 .50 .48 .62 .59 $2,962,950 4,523,360 3,826,900 3,660,714 4,340,360 4,588,610 4,095,650 4,562,020 3,991,590 4,676,045 5,614,800 6,105,406 6,288,391 170,285 163,248 164,456 154,243 149,680 136,300 138,484 113,433 113,250 111,335 1897 1898 1899 1900 *1901 -- - - 1902 tl903 1904 1905 1906 1907 117,350 118,517 1908 Average 82 10,965,606 $.47 $4,556,676 135,838 *Very dry. fVery wet. 64 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF THE PRINCI Figures taken from the December, 1908, Supplement of the Crop And the Iowa Weather and Crop Acreage, production and value of corn in the United States in 1908, by states. State or Territory CORN Acreage Yield per Production Price per bush. Dec. 1 Total farm value Dec. 1 Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts .. Rhode Island .- Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania ... Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia . North Carolina - South Carolina . Georgia Florida Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota .. South Dakota .. Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California United States 14,000 28,000 62,030 45,000 10,000 58,000 625,000 278,000 1,450,000 195,000 675,000 1,925,000 768,000 2,787,000 2,073,000 4,300,000 627,000 3,5.50,000 4,519,000 9,450,000 1,900,000 1,474,000 1,615,000 8,399,610 7,512,000 162,000 1,942,000 7,621,000 7,100,000 3,366,000 3,3.30,000 3,0.50,000 2,6r)0,000 1,712,000 7,854,000 929,000 675,000 4,000 3,000 128,000 6.5,000 13,000 11,000 6,000 13,000 16,000 50,000 40.5 39.0 40.3 40.4 42.8 41.3 38.8 33.0 39.5 32.0 36.6 26.0 31.2 18.0 14.1 12.5 10.5 38.5 30.3 31.6 31.8 33.7 29.0 35.9 27.0 23.8 29.7 27.0 22.0 25.2 24.8 14.7 17.3 19.8 25.7 24.8 20.2 23.4 28.0 20.2 27.0 33.2 29.4 29.0 25.5 27.8 32.0 567 1,092 2,499 1,818 428 2,395 24,250 10,564 57,275 6,240 24,705 50,0.50 23,962 50,166 29,229 53,750 6,584 136,675 137,835 298,620 60,420 49,674 46,835 301,873 203,634 3,856 57,677 205,767 156,200 81,823 83,060 44,835 45,845 33,898 201, S48 122,239 54,035 94 84 2,586 1,755 432 323 174,000 332,000 445,000 1,600,000 5,651,000 .84 .79 .78 .81 .90 .80 .80 .69 .73 .59 .62 .71 .77 .79 .91 .82 .82 .63 .61 .55 .51 .57 .60 .50 .51 .55 .65 .61 .83 .83 .70 .76 .71 .80 1.05 .72 .70 .76 .77 476,000 863,000 ,949,000 ,473,000 385,000 ,916,000 ,400,000 ,289,000 ,811,000 ,682,000 ,317,000 ,536,000 ,451,000 ,631,000 ,598,000 ,075,000 ,390,000 ,105,000 ,701,000 ,213,000 ,669,000 ,301,000 ,759,000 ,955,306 ,071,000 ,314,000 ,838,000 ,941,000 ,910,000 ,135,000 ,171,000 ,213,000 ,051,000 ,729,000 ,090,000 ,312,000 ,663,000 85,000 64,000 ,836,000 ,401,000 454,000 233,000 122,000 2.52,000 343,000 1,408,000 $1,616,145,000 NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 65 PAL FARM CROrS OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1908. Reporter issued by the United States Department of Agriculture Service Reporter for November, 1908. Acreage, production and value of wheat in the United States in 1908, by states. WINTER WHEAT SPRING WHEAT Acreage P. Produc- tion Price per bush. Dec. 1 Total farm value Dec. 1 Acreage Produc- tion Price per bush. Dec. 1 Total farm value Dec. 1 a 8,000 23.5 188,000 $1.04 $ 196,000 1 9, 1,000 23.0 23,000 .99 23,000 3 4 5 6 443,000 17.5 17.3 18.5 15.0 16.4 11.4 13.0 10.0 9.0 9.2 7,752,000 1,838,000 29,415,000 1,723,000 12,546,000 $ .99 1.01 .99 l.OO .98 $ 7,674,000 1,887,000 29,121,000 1,725,000 12,295,000 8,981,000 4,831,000 6,078,000 3,686,000 2,672,000 7 106,000 1,590,00b - -- l_ 8 115,000 10 765,000 n 780,000 8,892,000 1.01 191 361,000 4,693,000 5,680,000 2,835,000 2,208,000 1.03 1.07 1.30 1.21 1 13 538,000 14 315,000 15 240,000 16 17 2,083,000 16.0 16.6 13.0 18.0 19.5 33,328,000 45,169,000 30,212,000 15,732,000 1,228,000 .99 .98 .97 .97 .92 32,995,000 44,266,000 29,306,000 15,260,000 1,130,000 18 2,721,000 2,324,000 19 90 874,000 ?1 63,000 120,000 5,350,000 323,467 17.5 12.3 15.4 2,100,000 68,557,000 4,968,250 .92 .94 .86 1,932,000 64,444,000 4,272,695 22 85,187 2,226,000 19.7 10.0 1,678,540 22,260,000 .86 .93 1,443,544 20,702,000 24 35 5,899,000 2,958,000 306,000 200,000 11.6 12.8 13.0 5.5 68,428,000 37,832,000 3,978,000 1,100,000 .92 .92 .84 .88 62,954,000 34,833,000 3,342,000 968,000 ^6 07 2,255,000 6,108,000 758,000 17.8 12.8 11.6 40,317,000 78,182,000 8,793,000 8,190,000 1.092,000 14,000 .84 .88 .98 .99 1.07 1.03 33,866,000 68.800,000 8,617,000 8,108,000 1,168,000 14,000 28 29 30 819,000 10.0 31 95,00O' 11.5 3« l.OOO! 14.5 33 34 92 t, 000 11.0 11.6 10.0 10,164,000 15,625,000 1,620,000 .98 .88 .95 9,961,000 13,750,000 1,539,000 35 1 3t7 000 36 162,000 37 153,000 24.2 3,703,000 1,275,000 6,1.53,000 1,025,000 400,000 4,675,000 990,000 3,937,000 13,0.50,000 4, 290, COO .86 .85 .88 .94 1.20 .85 1.13 .74 .82 M 3,185,000 1.084,000 5,415,000 964,000 480,000 3,974,000 1,119,000 2,913,0eO 10,701,000 3,604,000 38 20,000 25.0 500,000 .85 425,000 50,000 293,000 41,000 15,000 170,000 33,000 155,000 870,000 260,000 25.5 21.0 25.0 26.7 27.5 30.0 25.4 15.0 16.5 39 40 41 49. 50,000 23.0 1,150,000 .85 978,000 43 44 23-2,000 570,000 468,000 SOO 000 30.0 24.5 23.2 14.6 6,960,000 14,112,000 10,858,000 11,680,000 .74 .82 .8t 1.03 5,150,000 11,572,000 9,121,000 11,914,000 45 46 47 48 J 30,349,000 14.4 437,908,000 $ .93.7 $410,330,000 17,208,000 13.2 226,694,000 j$ .911 $208,496,000 66 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF THE PRINCI State or Territory OATS u Yield Price Total farm Acreage per acre Production bush. Dec. 1 value Dec. 1 1 Maine - 119,000 13,000 34.0 30.6 4,045,000 398,000 $ .60 .59 $ 2,428,000 9. New Hampshire 2.35,000 3 Vermont . 80,000 33.3 2,664,000 .63 1,652,000 4 Massachusetts — — - 7,000 33.0 231,000 .62 143,000 5 Rhode Island _ _ 2,000 31.0 62,000 .64 40,000 fi Connecticut 11,000 32.6 359,000 .58 208,000 7 New York _ 1,2.50,000 30.1 37,625,000 .56 21,070,000 R 60,000 1,003,000 30.7 27.3 1,842,000 27,382,000 .55 .55 1,013,000 9 Pennsylvania -- 15,060,000 10 4,000 30,000 200,000 29.8 25.5 19.1 119,000 765,000 3,820,000 .54 .53 .55 64.000 n Marj'land 405,000 15^ Virginia 2,101,000 IS West Virginia 95,000 200,000 19.0 16.5 1,805,000 3,300,000 .56 .63 1,011,000 14 North Carolina 2,079,000 In South Carolina _ _ 201,000 20.0 4,020,000 .75 3,015,000 16 Georgia 300,000 17.2 5,160,000 .72 3.715,000 17 Florida 30,000 14.5 435,000 38,544,000 .72 .49 313,000 18 Ohio — __ - 1,460,000' 26.4 18,887,000 19 Indiana 1,671,000! 21.2 35,425,000 .47 16,650,000 ?0 Illinois - - 4,100,000 23.0 94,300,000 .47 44,321,000 ?.l Michigan 1,409,000 29.7 41,847,000 .49 20,505,000 22 Wisconsin ._ _■ 2,350,000 31.1 73,085,000 .47 34,350,000 23 Minnesota — 2,682,000 22.0 59,004,000 .43 25,372,000 94 Iowa 4,431,650 700,000 25.5 19.3 112,830,490 13,510,000 .43 .45 48,517,110 25 Missouri 6,080,000 26 North Dakota — 1,399,000 23.4 32,737,000 .42 13,750,000 27 South Dakota _ 1,365,000 23.0 31,395,000 .41 • 12,872,000 28 Nebraska _ 2,549,000 22.0 56,078,000 .41 22,992,000 29 Kansas _ _. 994,000 22.0 21,868,000 .45 9,841,000 80 Kentucky _ 173,000 16.2 2,803,000 .54 1,514,000 31 Tennessee 175,000 235,000 21.0 18.0 3,675,000 4,230,000 .53 .66 1,948,000 33 Alabama _ 2,792,000 33 Mississippi 125,000 17.5 2,188,000 .67 1,466,000 34 Jjouisiana _ -. 30,000 750,000 20.0 28.9 600,000 21,675,000 .64 .52 384,000 35 Texas 11,271,000 36 Oklahoma 450,000 25.0 11,2.50,000 .45 5,062,000 37 Arkansas 173,000 21.4 3,702.000 .53 1,962,000 38 Montana 254,000 41.6 10,566,000 .49 5,177,000 39 Wyoming 78,000 36.4 2,839,000 .50 1,420,000 40 Colorado — . 178,000 39.5 7,031,000 .54 3,797,000 41 New Mexico 24,000 33.5 804,000 .64 515,000 42 Arizona _ 4,000 36.0 144,000 .74 107,000 43 Utah 53,000 49.5 2,624,000 .48 1,260,000 44 Nevada 7,000 45.0 315.000 .65 205,000 45 Idaho 127,000 44.0 5,. 588,000 .47 2,626,000 46 Washington 194,000 44.5 8,633,000 .48 4,144,000 47 Oregon — _ 285,000 33.4 9,519,000 .47 4,474,000 48 California United States 200,000 33.5 6,700,000 .67 4,489,000 32,344,000 25.0 807,156,000 $ .472 $ 381,171,000 NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I PAD FARM CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1908. 67 BARLEY RYE u ft Price Total fr4 Price Total 01 Acreage 2^ Produc- tion per bush. farm value Acreage "3 ^ Produc- tion per bu8h. farm value Dec.l Dec. 1 i^ Dec. 1 Dec. 1 3 8,000 28.0 224,000 $ .81 $ 181,000 1 2,000 14,000 24 48,000 .80 38,000 1 9 33.0 462,000 .70 323,000 2,000 15.0 30,000$ .90 $ 27,000 3 - 4,000 16.5 66,000 .95 63,000 4 5 10,000 18.5 185,000 .90 166,000 1,938,000 6 77.000 26.0 2,002,000 .70 1,401,000 145,000 16.5 2,392,000 .81 7 78,000 16.2 1,264,000 .81 1,024,000 H 9,000 26.0 234,000 .63 147,000 343,000 16.5 5,660,000 .77 4,358,000 9 1,000 15.5 16,000: .82 13,000 10 1,000 30.0 30,000 .65 20,000 19,000 15.0 285,00O| .77 219,000 11 3.00O 28.0 84,000 .69 58,000 15,000 12.5 188,O0Oi .82 154,000 12 10,000 13.0 130,000 .85 110,000 13 14,000 8.9 125,000 .98 122,000 14 4,000 9.6 38,000 1.37 52,000 15 14,000 8.7 122,000 1.25 152,000 16 17 30,000 27.5 825,000 .64 528,000 49,000 16.5 808,000 .76 614,066 18 9,000 23.0 207,000 .65 135,000 63,000 15.0 945,000 .74 699,000 19 30,000 28.5 855,000 .65 556,000 71,000 17.1 1,214,000 .73 886,000 20 70,000 25.5 1,785,000 .63 1,10T,000 368,0001 15.5 6,704,000 .71 4,050,000 21 825,000 30.0 24,750,000 .58 14,355,000 275,0OO| 19.0 5,225,000 .71 3,710,00022 3,300,000 25.0 32,500,000 .49 15,925,000 88,000 18.5 1,628,000 .63 1,026,000 23 397,408 26.7 10.629,660 .50 5,314,830 60,893 17.1 869,072, .63 547,515 24 2,000 23.0 46,000 .63 29,000 15,000 12.8 192,000 .76 146,000 25 940,000 19.5 18,330,000 .46 8,432,000 24,000 18.0 432,000, .65 281,000 26 928,000 26.5 24,592,000 .47 11,558,000 32,000 17.5 560,000i .59 330,000 27 118,000 23.5 2,773,000 .46 1,276,000 80,000 16.0 1,360,000 .60 816,000 28 275,000 16.0 4,400,000 .54 2,376,000 45,000 13.3 598,00O| .71 425,000 29 1,000 25.0 25,000 .72 18,000 13,000' 13.5 176,000! .85 150,000 30 1,000 25.0 25,000 .73 18,000 8,000 12.5 100,000 .90 90,000 25,000 31 2,000 10.0 20,000 1.23 32 33 I'm '24T 96'000 '"78" 75I060 4^000 'il'.l' eV.m '"98"' 61^666 34 35 30,000 23.0 690,000 .58 400,000 3,000 13.5 40,000 .80 32,000 36 .— -- _ 2,000 10.0 20,000 .94 19,000 37 25,000 35.0 875,000 .61 534,000 2,000 20.0 40,000 .68 27,000 38 4,000 35.0 140,000 .65 91,000 1,000 22.0 22,000 .70 16,000 39 24,000 33.0 792,000 .65 515,000 3,000 15.5 46,000 .70 32,000 40 1,000 42.0 42,000 .79 33,000 41 29,000 12,000 38.0 1,102,000 540,000 .85 937,000 292,000 4« 45.0 .54 3,000 15.5 40,000 .65 30,000 43 8,000 30.0 240,000 .77 185,000 44 52,000 41.0 2,132,000 .53 1,130,000 2,060 26.0 40,000 .68 27,666 45 170,000 30.5 5,185,000 .58 3,007,000 3,000 19.5 58,000 .90 52,000 46 62,000 29.0 1,798,000 .59 1,061,000 9,000 18.0 162,000 .85 138,000 47 1,082,000 23.5 25,427,000 .74 18,816,000 66,000 12.0 792,000 .88 697,000 48 6,646,000 25.1 166,756,000 $ 55.4 $ 92,442,090 1,948,000 16.4 31,851,000 $ .736 $ 23,455,000 68 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OP THE PRINCI Ttate or Territory POTATOES s Acreage Yield per acre Production Price per bush. Dec. 1 Total farm value Dec. 1 1 Maine 116,000 19,000 27,000 32,000 6,000 34,030 425,000 73,000 277,000 8,000 32,000 57,000 34,000 25,000 9,000 10,000 5,000 170,000 90,000 156,000 325,000 252,000 145,000 118,517 85,000 30,000 45,000 91,000 86,000 38,000 28,000 15,000 8,000 13,000 50,000 27,000 ao.ooo 20,000 6,000 56,000 1,000 12^000 3,000 15,000 38,000 43,000 49,000 225 100 73 95 150 80 83 72 72 82 77 88 84 79 81 78 83 77 57 71 72 80 76 89.9 80 85 90 78 80 62 80 85 91 83 71 78 82 138 158 125 lOO ""ieo" 120 130 120 99 107 26,100,000 1,900,000 1,971,000 3,040,000 900,000 2,720,000 34,8.50,000 5,256,000 19,944,000 6.56,000 2,464,000 5,016,000 2,856,000 1,975,000 729,000 780,000 415,000 13,090,000 5,130,000 11,076,000 23,400,000 20,160,000 11,020,000 10,658,290 6,800,000 2,550,000 4,0.50,000 7,098,000 6,880,000 2,356,000 2,240,000 1,275,000 728,000 1,066,000 3,5.50,000 2,106,000 2,460,000 2,760,000 948,000 7,000,000 100,000 i'926^066 360,000 1,950,000 4,560,000 4,257,000 5,243,000 $ .61 .73 .67 .85 .86 .90 .75 .89 .80 .83 .74 .72 .85 .77 1.10 1,10 1.35 .77 .84 .83 .58 .60 .56 .59 .74 .56 .51 .55 .83 .81 .71 .95 .93 .92 .98 .98 .86 .70 .66 .60 .90 "^5.5" .75 .60 .67 .68 .77 $ 15,921,000 9 New Hampshire -- 1,387,000 8 1,321,000 4 2,584,000 IS Rhode Island 774,000 fi Connecticut 2,448,000 7 New York _ . 26,138,000 8 q New Jersey Pennsylvania _ 4,678,000 15,955,000 10 544,000 n Maryland 1,823,000 12 13 14 Virg-inia West Virginia _.! 3,612,000 2,428,000 1,521,000 15 South Carolina _ 802,000 16 17 18 19 20 91 Georgia Florida „. — Ohio Indiana Illinois - 8.58,000 560,000 10,079,000 4,309,000 9,193,000 13,572,000 22 23 94 Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa -- 12,096,000 6,171,000 6,288,391 9'> 5,032,000 26 27 28 99 North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas 1,428,000 2,066,000 3,904,000 5,710,000 RO Kentucky . 1,908,000 31 33 3 + Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana 1,590,000 1,211,000 677,000 981,000 35 36 37 38 Texas Oklahoma .— Arkansas ^lontana 3,479,000 2,064,000 2,116,000 1,932,000 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Wyoming _._ Colorado _ New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada _ Idaho 626,000 4,200,000 90,000 1^056^666 270,000 1,170,000 4f^ Washington _ 3,055,000 47 2,895,000 48 California United States 4,037.000 3,257,000 85.7 278,985,000 $ .706 $ 197,039,000 NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I PAL farm: crops of the united states in 1908. 69 BUCKWHEAT FLAXSEED Acreage Prodnc- tion Price per busb. Dec. 1 Total farm value Dec. 1 Acreage Produc- tion Price per bush. Dec. 1 Total farm value ^ Dec. 1 23,000 2,000 8,000 2,000 30.0 21.5 22.0 18.0 690,000 43,000 176,000 36,000 $.75 .80 .70 .80 $ 518,000 34,000 123,000 29,000 1 2 8 4 5 3.000 319,000 12,000 260.000 1,000 9,000 20,000 21,000 18.2 21.4 20.0 19.2 30.0 18.5 18.0 18.0 55,000 6,827,000 210,000 4,992,000 30,000 166,000 360,000 378,000 82,000 .80 .76 .75 .75 .72 .76 .72 .81 .78 44,000 5,189,000 180,000 3,744,000 22,000 126.000 259,000 306,000 64,000 --------- 6 7 8 9 10 n 12 13 14 15 Iff 17 13,000 7.000 5,000 18.5 17.0 18.2 13.5 15.2 18.2 15.5 20.1 240,000 119,000 91.000 742,000 304,000 91,000 140,000 20,000 .82 .78 .90 .71 .76 .73 .78 .85 197,000 93,000 82,000 527,000 231,000 66,000 109,000 17.000 18 19 90 21 20,000 5,000 9,000 l.OOO 25,000 427,000 40,833 26,000 1,530,000 550,000 15,000 58,000 16.0 10.6 11.3 7.0 9.0 10.7 11.0 6.5 400,000 4,526,000 461,580 182,000 13,770,000 1.15 1.20 1.01 1.03 1.19 460,000 5,431,000 466,195 187,000 16,386,000 7,003,000 185,000 385,000 22 23 24 25 26 „_J 5,885,000 1.19 165,000 1.12 377,000 1.02 27 i,o6o 1,000 18.0 18.7 18,000 19,000 .83 .91 15,000 17,000 28 29 30 1,000 15.3 15,000 .80 12,000 31 .S2 1 i^ 1 M ' 1 35 " 6,000 6.0 36,000 1.10 40,000 36 37 9,000 11.5 104,000 l.OO 104,000 38 39 40 41 ------ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 j !!!!!! 4f^ 43 44 45 40 47 48 - 803,000 19.8 15,874,000 $ .756 $ 12,004,000 2,679,000 9.6 25,805,000 $1,184 $ 30,577,000 70 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AG^-.CULTURE ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF HAY IN THE UNITED STATES FOR 1908, BY STATES. HAY State or Territory- Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusett Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland . Vii'ginia West Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Oklahoma Alabama Montana Wyoming _ Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah . Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California United States 46,486,000 $635,423,000 NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 71 STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS. (Figures furnished by the Bureau of Statistics, Department of Agriculture, except where otherwise credited. All prices ou gold basis.) CORN. Corn crop of countries named, 1902-1906. Country. 1902 Bushels. 1903 Bushels. 1904 Bushels. 1905 Bushels. 1906 Bushels. NORTH AMERICA. United States 2,523,648,000 21,159,000 78,099,.000 2,244,177,000 30,211,000 90,879,000 2,467,481,000 20,880,000 88,131,000 2,707,994,000 21,582,000 85,000,000 2,927,416,000 24,745,000 70,000,000 Canada (Ontario)* Mexico Total North America.. SOUTH AMERICA. Argentina 2,622,906,000 84,018,000 866,000 5,060,000 2,365,267,000 148,948,000 1,118,000 5,269,000 2,576,492,000 175,189,000 1,477,000 3,035,000 2,814,576,000 140,708,000 1,244,000 4,417,000 3,022,161,000 194,912,000 846,000 3,226,000 Chile Uruguay Total South America- EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: Austria 89,944,000 13,462,000 104,546,000 15,255,000 5,863,000 155,355,000 16,056,000 135,751,000 23,776,000 8,411,000 179,701,000 12,529,000 59,400,000 11,364,000 6,464,000 146,309,000 17,293,000 94,045,000 18,3&5,000 9,584,000 198,984,000 18,177,000 162,923,000 25,600,000 8,936,000 Hungary proper Croatia-SIavonia Bosnia-Herzegovina Total Austria-Hungary Bulgaria .. _ _ 139,126,000 18,100,000 24,928,000 71,028,000 16,000,000 68,447,000 40,377,000 183,994,000 22,836,000 25,360,000 88,990,000 14,000,000 80,272,000 40,397,000 89,757,000 12,758,000 19,482,000 90,545,000 15,000,000 19,598,000 18,956,000 13,000 6,951,000 139,307,000 19,649,000 24,030,000 97,265,000 16,000,000 59,275,000 22,533,000 215,636,000 20,000,000 14,581,000 93,007,000 16,000,000 130,546.000 59,320,000 France Italy Portugal Roumania Russia: Russia proper Poland _ Northern Caucasia 8,042,000 10,067,000 10,798,000 11,181,000 Total Russia (Euro- pean) 48,419,000 18,396,000 25,272,000 50,464,000 19,479,000 18,759,000 25,920,000 9,498,000 21,300,000 33,331,000 21,431,000 31,880,000 70,501,000 Servia _._ 27,786,000 30,000,000 Spain Total Europe 429,716,000 556,000 2,000,000 30,000,000 4,143,000 200,000 504,154,000 435,000 3,502,000 30,000,000 1,997,000 184,000 303,858,000 391,000 3,000,000 30,000,000 5,282,000 189,000 442,168,000 490,000 3,000,000 30,000,000 3,845,000 320,000 618,057,000 AFRICA. Algeria 400,000 Cape of Good Hope Egypt 3,000,000 30 000,000 Natal 4,000,000 300,000 Sudan (Anglo-Egyptian).. Total Africa 36,899,000 2,650,000 36.118,000 1,066,000 38,862,000 1,984,000 37,655,000 2,623,000 37,700,000 AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Queensland 2,233,000 72 IOWA DEPARi MENT OF AGRICULTURE CORN— Continued. Country. 1903 Bushels. 1903 Bushels. 1904 Bushels. 1905 Bushels. 1906 Bushels. New South Wales Victoria 3,966,000 635,000 5,000 3,145,000 7r4,O0O 2,000 7,052,000 933,000 3,000 5,107,000 643,000 1,000 1 5,714,000 661,000 Western Australia — Total Australia New Zealand 7,256,000 590,000 4,987,000 627,000 9,972,000 547,000 8,374,000 506,000 S, 608,000 653,000 Total Australasia 7,846,000 5,614,000 10,519,000 8,880,000 I 9,2dl,000 Grand total 3,187,311,000 3,066,508,000 3,109,432,000 3,449,648,000 3,886,163,000 ''Officially reported as "Corn in the ear." WHEAT. Wheat crop of countries named, 1903-1907. Country. 1903 Bushels. 1904 Bushels. 1905 Bushels. 1906 Bushels. 1907 Bushels. NORTH AMERICA. United States Canada: New Brunswick Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta Other Total Canada Mexico Total North America— SOUTH AMERICA. Argentina Chile Uruguay Total South America.. EUROPE. Austria-Hungary : Austria Hungary proper _.. Croatia-Slavonia Bosnia-Herzegovina Total Austria-Hungary Belgium Bulgaria Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Italy Montenegro Netherlands _ Norway Portugal Roumania 637,822,000 552,400,000 692,97^,000 735,261,000 634.087,000 471,000 22,583,000 41,381,000 15,598,000 1,238,000 4,000,000 371,000 13,030,000 40,397,000 16,447,000 968,000 4,000,000 418,000 22,195,000 57,519,000 26,930,000 2,379,000 4,000,000 420,000 22,806,000 63,181,000 38,207,000 4,OJ1,000 4,000,000 424,000 18,587,000 40,939,000 28,5^,000 4,092,000 4,000,000 85,271,000 75,213,000 113.441,000 132,705,000 96,606,000 10,493,000 9,393,000 7,000,000 7,000,000 10,000,000 733,586,000 637,006,000 813,420,000 874.966,000 740.693,000 103,759,000 10,114,000 5,240,000 129,672,000 17,948,000 7,565,000 150,745,000 12,089,000 7,000,000 134,931,000 12,157,000 4,608,000 155,993,000 15,776,000 6,867,000 119,113,000 155,185,000 169,834,000 151,694,000 178,636,000 46,198,000 161,958,000 14,661,000 3,901,000 53,734,000 137,07^,000 9,841,000 3,7.53,000 54,531,000 157,514,000 13,077,000 3,010,000 58,255,000 197,406,000 10,314,000 2,698,000 52,069,000 120,503,000 10,200,000 2,282,000 226,721,000 204,403,000 228,138,000 268,675,000 185,059,000 12,3.50,000 35,551,000 4,461,000 130,000 364,320,000 130,626,000 8,000,000 184,4.51,000 200,000 4,258,000 307,000 8,000,000 73,700,000 13,817,000 42,242,000 4,302,000 1.33.000 293,826,000 139,803,000 8,000,000 167,635,000 200,000 4,423,000 212,000 9,000,000 53,738,000 12,401,000 40,736,000 4,083,000 129,000 335,453,000 135,947,000 8,000,000 160,. 504, 000 200,000 5,109,000 329,000 5.000,000 103,328,000 12,964,000 55,076,000 4,161,000 100,000 3^4,919,000 144,754,000 8,000,000 176,464,000 200,000 4,978,000 303,000 9,000,000 113.867.000 12,000,000 30,000,000 4,000,000 100,000 369,970,000 127,843,000 8,000,000 177,-543,000 200,000 5,000,000 200,000 6,000,000 42.237,000 NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I WHEAT— Continued. 73 Country. 1908 Bushels. 1904 Bushels. 1905 Bushels. 1906 Bushels. 1907 Bushels. Russia: Russia proper Poland - Northern Caucasia Total Russia (EurO' pean) Servia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey (European) United Kingdom: Great Britain- England Scotland Wales Ireland Total United Kingdom Total Europe _ - ASIA. British India, including such native States as re- port Cyprus Japanese Empire: Japan Formosa 1,830,526,000 297,601,000 2,477,000 ,600,000 179.000 Total Japanese Empire Persia Russia: Central Asia Siberia Transcaucasia* Total Russia (Asiatic) Turlfey (Asiatic) _— Total Asia AFRICA. Algeria Cape of Good Hope Egypt — Natal Sudan (Anglo-Egyptian). Tunis Total Africa xiUSTRALASIA. Australia: Queensland New South Wales - Victoria South Australia .— Western Australia Tasmania Total Australia 454,596,000 19,255,000 77,877,000 551,728.000 10,885,000 128,979,000 5,538,000 4,000,000 26,000,000 46,524,000 1,528,000 1,093,000 1,176,000 50,321,000 9,779,000 16,000,000 20,925,000 48,670,000 64,000 69,659,000 35,000,000 430,516,000 34,035,000 1,755,000 12,000,000 4,000 294,000 7,523,000 55,611,000 6,000 1,635,000 2,650,000 6,555,000 1,017,000 905,000 12.768,000 519,964,000 21,241,000 81,050,000 622,255,000 11,676,000 95,377,000 5,135,000 4,000,000 23.000,000 35,624,000 1,499,000 919,000 1,040,000 39,082,000 1,747,262,000 59,936,000 2,176,000 19,754,000 190,000 19,944,000 16,000,000 12,822,000 31,590,000 82,000 44,494,000 35,000,000 477,550,000 25,484,000 2,000,000 12,000,000 7,000 486,000 10,519,000 451,327,000 20,239,000 96,708,000 568,274,000 11,280,000 92,504,000 5,529,000 4,000,000 20,000,000 57,424,000 2,130,000 1,204,000 1,430,000 62,188,000 1,803,132,000 283,063,000 2,441,000 18,437,000 200,000 18,637,000 16,000,000 25,491,000 42,411,000 109.000 68,011,000 35,000,000 523,152,000 25,579,000 2,000,000 12,000,000 4,000 4&3,00O 5,729,000 50,496,000 2,514,000 28,196,000 29,425,000 13,626,000 1,935,000 792,000 45,795,000 2,217,000 16,983,000 21,663,000 12,454,000 2,077,000 818,000 76,488,000 1 56,215,000 344,765,000 21,152,000 85,046,000 450,963,000 13,211,000 140,656,000 6,650,000 4,000,000 25,000,000 57,583,000 2,063,000 1,308,000 1,527,000 62,481,000 1,826,422,000 320,288.000 2,410.000 20,283,000 178,000 20,461,000 16,000,000 11,486,000 45,833,000 108,000 57,427,000 35,000,000 451,586,000 34,080,000 2,000,000 12,000,000 8,000 542,000 4,409,000 53,039,000 1,173,000 21,391,000 24,156,000 20,779,000 2,381,000 801,000 70,681,000 455,000,000 8,375,000 100,331,000 5,953,000 4,000,000 16,000,000 53,860,000 1,951,000 1,139,000 1,325,000 58,275,000 1,616.086.000 315,386,000 2,000,000 22,932,000 200,000 23,132,000 16,000,000 56,000,000 35,000,000 447,518,000 31,120,000 2,000,000 12,000,000 6,000 500,000 6,000,000 51,626.000 1,141,000 22,506,000 23,331,000 17,686,000 2,8t6.00O 672,000 ,185,000 74 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE WHEAT— Continued . Country. 1903 Bushels. 1904 Bushels. 1905 Bushels. 1906 Bushels. 1907 Bushels. New Zealand 7,693,000 8,140,000 9,411,000 7,013,000 5,782,000 Total Australasia 20,461,000 84,628,000 65,6-26,000 77,694,000 73,967,000 3,189,813,000 3,152,127,000 3,320,^9,000 3,435,401,000 3,108,526,000 ♦Includes Chemomorsk only. OATS. Oat crop of countries named, 1903-1907. NORTH AMERICA. United States Canada: New Brunswick Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan _ — Alberta Other - Total Canada Mexico Total North America. EUROPE. Austria-Hungary : Austria Hungary proper Croatia-Slavonia Bosnia-Herzegovina Total Austria-Hungarj Belgium Bulgaria — Denmark Finland France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Roumania Russia: Russia proper Poland -_- Northerin Caucasia Total Russia (Euro- pean) Servia Spain Sweden United Kingdom: Great Britain- England Scotland Wales — 784,094,000 5,974,000 113,337,000 34,077,000 9,453,000 5,351,000 43,000,000 211,192,000 13,000 995,299,000 128,330,000 87,334,000 7,3:30,000 5,612,000 228,606,000 48,345,000 11,389,000 41,176,000 17,046,000 309,366,000 542,432,000 16,000,000 20,112,000 9,091,000 31,405,000 650,405,000 58,745,000 18,899,000 728,049,000 4,398,000 22,942,000 59,641,000 85,400,000 36,379,000 6,832.000 894,596,000 5,316,000 105,393,000 37,434,000 11,095,000 5,786,000 43,000,000 208,024,000 18,000 1,102,638,000 109,611,000 62,775,000 4,907,000 3,829,000 181,122,000 37,499,000 11,179,000 38,183,000 16,995,000 257,811,000 477,852,000 14,000,000 18,592,000 6,922,000 12,608,000 1,006,102,000 44,393,000 14,573,000 1,055,068,000 3,167,000 18,500,000 51,578,000 86,728,000 37,034,000 7,661,000 953,216,000 5,659,000 108,890,000 46,917,000 19,819,000 9,814,000 43,000,000 234,099,000 17,000 1,187.332,000 123,880,000 78,009,000 6,075,000 2,935,000 210,899,000 33,786,000 10,263,000 32,659,000 18,060,000 269,581,000 451,017,000 16,000,000 16,045,000 9,868,000 18,974,000 767,550,000 61,933,000 22,184,000 851,667,000 3,519,000 22,250,000 58,488,000 75,453,000 36,390,000 7,264,000 964,905,000 5.875,000 111,756,000 52,291,000 24,721,000 13,551,000 43,000,000 251,194,000 17,000 1.216,116,000 154,551,000 87,733,000 5,541,000 3,543,000 251,368.000 45,228,000 18,793,000 40,179,000 18,000,000 256,943,000 580,875,000 18,000,000 19,588,000 9,297,000 26,165,000 544,933,000 66,425,000 21,933,000 333,291,000 4,642,000 45,632,000 64,550,000 81,102,000 35,108,000 8,063,000 NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I OATS— Continued. 75 Country. Bushels. 1904 Bushels. 1905 Bushels. 1906 Bushels. 1907 Bushels. Ireland 58,816,000 60,142,000 60,754,000 62,751,000 60,080,000 Total United Kingdom 187,427,000 191,565,000 180,861,000 190,024,000 198,718,000 2,268,425,000 481,000 11,342,000 60,352,000 40,000 2,402,641,000 417,000 8,014,000 51,101,000 20,000 2,203,967,000 402,000 14,279,000 70,672,000 44,000 2,222,575,000 359,000 9,805,000 69,873,000 35,000 2,493,532,000 400,000 ASIA. Russia: Central Asia Siberia 18,048,000 67,114,000 14,000 Total Russia (Asiatic) 71,734,000 59,135,000 84,995,000 79,713,000 85,176,000 Total Asia 73,215,000 7,976,000 2,503,000 6,000 1,631,000 59,552,000 6,631,000 3,000,000 43,000 4,635,000 85,397,000 7,036,000 3,000,000 9,000 2,032,000 80,072,000 7,000,000 3,000,000 7,000 2,411,000 85.576.000 7,000,000 3,000,000 8,000 2,000,000 AFRICA. Cape of Good Hope Natal — Tunis _- -- Total Africa 12,116,000 1,000 363,000 4,542,000 640,000 173,000 1,808,000 14,309,000 73,000 1,292,000 13,8.58,000 931,000 267,000 1,673,000 12,077,000 16,000 673,000 6.353.000 573,000 233,000 1,216,000 12,418,000 6,000 911,000 7.460,000 897,000 293,000 1,238,000 12,008,000 AUSTRIALASIA. Australia: 30,000 New South Wales Victoria 1,449,000 9,124,000 South Australia Western Australia - 924,000 472,000 2,042,000 Total Australia New Zealand 7,527,000 22,452,000 18,094,000 15,583,000 9.064,000 15,012,000 10,805,000 13,108,000 14,041,000 11,555,000 Total Australasia 29,979,000 33,677,000 24,076,000 23,913,000 25,596,000 Grand total 3,378,031,000 3,612,817,000 3,512,849,000 3,555,094,000 3,582,041.000 BAHLEY. Barley crop of countries named, 1903-1907. NORTH AMERICA. Unitel States 131,861,000 108,000 25,147,000 8,982,000 687,000 1,111,000 3,000,00 139,749,000 96,000 25,342,000 11,530,000 617,000 1,659,000 3,000,000 136,651,000 100,000 25,030,000 14, .507,000 923,000 1,830,000 3,000,000 178,916,000 102,000 26,049,000 18,085,000 1,3.58,000 2,226,000 3,000,000 153,597,000 100,000 Canada: New Brunswick Ontario — 22,403,000 Manitoba 17,281,000 Saskatchewan 1,393,000 Alberta 1,058,000 Other - ..._ 3,000,000 Total Canada _ 39,035,000 9,061,000 42,244,000 7,3.55,000 45,389,000 7,000,000 50,820.000 7.000,000 45,235,000 Mexico 7,000,000 Total North America, 179,957,000 189,348,000 189,040,000 236,736,000 205,832,000 ^Includes Chernomorsk only. 76 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BARLEY— CONTINUED . Country. EUROPE. Austria-Hungary: Austria Hungary proper __. Croatia-Slavonia Bosnia-Herzegovina Total Austria-Hungary Belgium Bulgaria Denmarlv Finland France _ 1903 Bushels. 1904 Bushels. 1905 Bushels. 1906 Bushels. 73,873,000 64,577,000 3,839,000 4,145,000 146,434,000 ?, 923, 000 12,773,000 23,340,000 5,233,000 43,345,000 Germany 1 152,653,000 Italy _ j 8,000,000 Nehterlands I 3,823,000 Norway 3,255,000 Roumania __ '■ 29,716,000 Russia: Russia proper Poland Northern Caucasia Total Russia pean) (Euro- Servia Spain _ Sweden 289,699,000 20,819,000 39,968,000 United Kingdom: Great Britain- England Scotand Wales Ireland Total United Kingdom Total Europe _ _ ASIA. Cyprus .._ Japanese Empire: Japan Formosa Total Japanese Empire Russia: Central Asia . Siberia Transcaucasia* Total Russia (Asiatic) Total Asia AFRICA. Algeria Cape of Good Hope- Natal Sndan (Anglo-Egyptian).. Tunis Total Africa 350,486,000 3,424,000 64,359,000 13,570,000 60,^8,000 7,739,000 2,981,000 6,076,000 67,424,000 m, 758,000 ,969,000 59,737,000 38,000 59,775,000 2,759,000 4,213,000 12,000 70,728.000 38,496,000 949,000 4,000 216,000 11,322,000 66,815,000 49,915,000 2,285,000 3,496,000 122,511,000 5,003,000 12,911,000 22,708,000 4,916,000 38,338,000 ■135,409,000 7,000,000 3,606,000 2,496,000 11,567,000 290,766,000 17,705,000 31,246,000 339,717,000 3,162,000 53,800,000 13,452,000 48,511,000 7,408,000 3,077,000 5,478,000 64,474,000 841,070,000 80,794,000 58,000 80,852,000 2,262,000 4,268,000 8,000 5,538,000 90,512,000 36,125,000 900,000 6,000 251,000 14,815,000 50,987,000 I 52,097,000 70,469,000 62,453,000 2,864,000 3,236,000 139,022,000 4,518,000 12,080,000 21,146,000 5,318,000 40,841,000 134,204,000 8,000,000 4,013,000 3,464,000 26,383,000 272,694,000 22,732,000 43,410,000 76,024,000 69,747,000 2,758,000 3,276,000 338,835,000 3,670,000 45,917,000 12,858,000 48,778,000 8,257,000 2,906,000 7,181,000 151,805,000 4,349,000 12,882,000 22,049,000 5,000,000 33,538,000 142,901,000 8,000,000 3,260,000 3,262,000 33,539,000 243,619,000 23,351,000 37,306,000 304,276,000 4,848,000 91,185,0(X) 14,328,000 51,543,000 7,803,000 3,116,000 7,211,000 .122,000 ,673,000 77,436,000 50,000 ,778,000 )68,000 49,000 77,486,000 i 84,017,000 1907 Bushels. 78,548,000 33,078,000 2,100,000 2,768,000 146,494,000 4,000,000 10,000,000 22,000,000 5,000,000 45,095,000 160,650,000 8,000,000 4,000,000 2,500,000 20,062,000 277,501,000 25,397,000 41,206,000 344,104,000 3,137,000 53,598,000 13,553,000 51,912,000 7,466,000 2,885,000 6,995,000 69,258,000 907,895,000 - 911,451,000 3,000,000 90,544,000 50,000 3,145,000 4,965,000 20,000 27,350,000 900,000 7,000 327,000 7,119,000 ,703,000 2,614,000 5,136,000 13,000 90,594,000 4,385,000 4,956,000 4,000 7,763.000 9,345,000 94,558,000 I 102,939,000 35,000,000 900,000 5,000 334,000 7,863,000 35,000,000 900,000 5,000 S'^O.OOO 8,000,000 44,102.000 44,205,000 'Includes Chernomorsk only. NINTH ANNUAL YT^AR BOOK— PART I BARLEY— Continued. 77 Country. 1903 Bushels. 1904 Bushels. 1905 Bushels. 1906 Bushels. 1907 Bushels. AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Queensland New South Wales Victoria 4,000 19,000 579,000 327,000 48,000 207,000 527,000 180,000 1,256,000 503,000 55,000 219,000 342,000 275,000 902,000 358,000 39,000 168,000 64,000 115,000 1,096,000 522,000 51,000 97,000 163,000 158,000 1,295,000 507,000 50,000 146,000 South Australia Western Australia Tasmania Total Australia New Zealand 1,184,000 1,172,000 2,740,000 1,197,000 2,084,000 1,164,000 1,945,000 1,056,000 2,319,000 1,068,000 Total Australasia 2,356,000 3,937,000 3,248,000 3,001,000 3,387,000 1,235.786.000 1,176.964,000 1,183,979,000 1,286,292,000 1,267,814,000 RYE. Rye crop of countries named, 1903-1907. NORTH AMERICA. United States Canada: Ontario Manitoba Other Total Canada Mexico Total North America.. EUROPE. Austria-Hungary : Austria - Hungary proper Croatia-Slavonia - — Bosnia-Herzegovina Total Austria-Hungary Belgium Bulgaria Denmarli _.. Finland France Germany ... Italy Netherlands Norway Roumania _. Russia: Russia proper Poland Northern Caucasia 29,363,000 3,064,000 51,000 800,000 ,915,000 136,000 ,414,000 81,130,000 47,355,000 3,386,000 396,000 Total Russia pean) (Euro- 132,267,000 21,756,000 7,750,000 19,305,000 10,598,000 57,951,000 389,923,000 4,000,000 13,973,000 857,000 7,145,000 803,296,000 69,100,000 7,487,000 27,242,000 2,065,000 130,000 800,000 2,995,000 67,000 30,304,000 91,685,000 43,880,000 2,038,000 360,000 137,963,000 21,990,000 7,772,000 16,516,000 10,362,000 52,141,000 396,075,000 3,000,000 13,517,000 717,000 2,201,000 893,205,000 76,606,000 8,170,000 977,981,000 28,486,000 1,769,000 179,000 800,000 2,748,000 70,000 31,304,000 98,186,000 50,544,000 2,537,000 374,000 151,641,000 21,349,000 7,541,000 19,245,000 11,552,000 58,116,000 378,20t,00O 4,000,000 13,742,000 982,000 7,344,000 629,671,000 69,088,000 9,933,000 708,692,000 33,375,000 1,369,000 104,000 800.000 2,273,000 70,000 35,718,000 99,246,000 51,962,000 1,919,000 388,000 153,515,000 20,569,000 10,818,000 18,823,000 11,000,000 50,429,000 378,948,000 4,000,000 13,938,000 963,000 8,900,000 555,698,000 74,100,000 8,877,000 638,675,000 31,566,000 1,116,000 86,000 800,000 2,002,000 70.000 ,638,000 86,445,000 39,445,000 3,000,000 344,000 129,234,000 21,000,000 8,000,000 19,000,000 11,000,000 58,578,000 3&4,150,000 4,000,000 14,000,000 800,000 2,544,000 776,000,000 78 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RYE— Continued . Country. 1903 Bushels. 1904 Bushels. 1905 Bushels. 1906 Bushels. 1907 Bushels. Servia 1,091,000 22,511,000 23,360,000 2,000,000 1,031,000 17,276,000 20,708,000 2,000,000 1,103,000 26,502,000 24,393,000 2,000,000 1,560,000 31,828,000 25,915,000 2,000,000 911,000 27,027,000 21,597,000 2,000,000 Spain Sweden _ _ _ United Kingdom Total Europe 1,594,370,000 1,066,000 30,982,000 11,000 1,681,280,000 1,088,000 29,360,000 9,000 1,436.406,000 690,000 28,043,000 17,000 1,371,881,000 404,000 27,752,000 13,000 1,479,851,000 ASIA. Russia: Central Asia „ Siberia Transcausasia* Total Russia (Asiatic) 33,059,000 30,457,000 28,750,000 28,169,000 32,000,000 Total Asia 32,059,000 7,000 35,000 22,000 5,000 9,000 30,457,000 2,000 8:3,000 31,000 4,000 11,000 28,750,000 1,000 35,000 32,000 5,000 12,000 28,169,000 1,000 51,000 30,000 4,000 8,000 32,000,000 3,000 50,000 21,000 5,000 10,000 AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Queensland New South Wales Victoria Western Australia Tasmania Total Australia New Zealand 78,000 40,000 131,000 21,000 85,000 83,000 94,000 65,000 89,000 43,000 Total Australasia 118,000 152,000 118,000 159,000 132,000 Grand total 1,659,961,000 1,742,193,000 1,496,578,000 1,435,927,000 1,545,621,000 POTATOES. Potato crop of countries named, 1902-1906. (No statistics for Switzerland, Portugal, Argentina, Transvaal, Egypt, and some other less important potato-growing countries.) Country. 1902 Bushels. 1903 Bushels. 1904 Bushels. 1905 Bushels. 1906 Bushels. NORTH AMERICA. United States Canada: Ontario — Manitoba New Brunswick Saskatchewan and Al- berta Other* .- Total Canada Mexico Newfoundland* Total North America— SOUTH AMERICA. Chile — - EUROPE. Austria-Hungary : Austria Hungary proper 284,633,000 247,128,000 332,830,000 260,741,000 308,038,000 IS, 3.50, 000 3,568,000 4,288,000 17,202,000 4,907,000 4,835,000 15,967,000 3,919,000 5,550,000 14,819,000 2,901,000 5,693,000 15,494,000 4,281,000 5,522,000 *1,000,000 29,000,000 *1, 000,000 29,000,000 *1, 000,000 29,000,000 2,814,000 29,000,000 5,507,000 29,000,000 51,206,000 56,944,000 55,436,000 55,257,000 59,804,000 347,000 1,330,000 539,000 1,3.30,000 527,000 1,350,000 +400,000 1,350,000 +400,000 1,350,000 337,536,000 305,961,000 390,143,000 317,748,000 369,592,000 11,616,000 10,319,000 6,131,000 6,532,000 J6, 532,000 428,229,000 141,538,000 357,121,000 165,;383,000 398,298,000 110,402.000 581,822,000 168,221,000 514,289,000 179,083,000 NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I potatoes-Continued. 79 Country. Bushels. 1902 Bushels. 1903 Bushels. 1904 Bushels. 1905 Bushels. 1906 Croatia-SIavonia 13,059,000 1,793,000 19,337,000 2,322,000 9,311,000 2,450,000 12,589,000 2.485.000 12,854,000 3,011,000 Bosuia-Herzegovina Total Austria-Hungary Belgium 584,619,000 83,198,000 27,168,000 15,298,000 441,055,000 1,596,909,000 29,000,000 361,000 94,756,000 17,735,000 4,659,000 723,435,000 288,447,000 16,154,000 544,166,000 86,580,000 25,256,000 19,212,000 420,422,000 1,576,361,000 29,000,000 628,000 73,394,000 22,851,000 5,246,000 675,330,000 194,829,000 17,441,000 520,461,000 91,632,000 24,214,000 15,465,000 451,039,000 1,333,326,000 29,000,000 733,000 94,421,000 17,253,000 3,001,000 705,170,000 179,997,000 8,741,000 765,117,000 ^-,159,000 29,954,000 20,704,000 523,876,000 1,775,579,000 29,000,000 387,000 87,043,000 25,832,000 3,733,000 686,502,000 331,529,000 14,857,000 709,237,000 88,652,000 28,455,000 120,704,000 372,076,000 1,577,653,000 29,000,000 378,000 95,503,000 20,995,000 4,636,000 630,211,000 296,662,000 12.844,000 Finland Germany Italy§ Malta Netherlands Norway Russia: Russia proper Poland Northern Caucasia Total Russia (Euro- 1,028,036.000 1,402,000 84,000,000 51,377,000 119,250,000 101,761,000 887,600,000 1,527,000 84,000,000 59,317,000 108,779,000 88,227,000 893,908,000 718,000 84,000,000 51,314,000 133,961,000 98,635,000 1,032,888,000 1,232,000 84,000,000 74,819,000 140,474,000 127,793,000 939,717,000 n, 232,000 84,000,000 105,742,000 128,005,000 99,328,000 Servia Spaint - Sweden United Kingdom: Great Britain Ireland _ _ Total United Kingdom 221,011,000 197,006,000 232,596,000 268,267,000 227,333,000 Total Europe ._ 4,280,644,000 7,418,000 13,142,000 4,038,566,000 9,824,000 19,364,000 3,843,081,000 11,274,000 18,800,000 4,779,590,000 16,255,000 18,865,000 4,305,313,000 116,255,000 16,481,000 ASIA. Japan Russia (Asiatic) Total Asia 20,560,000 1,851,000 **1,600,000 433,000 29,188,000 1,596,000 **1, 600,000 345,000 30,074,000 1,655,000 1,942,000 451,000 35,120,000 1,605,000 *2, 000,000 466,000 32,736,000 1,681,000 *2, 000, 000 454,000 AFRICA. Algeria _ - Cape of Good Hope Natal Total Africa 3,884,000 836,000 1,461,000 4,684,000 562,000 214,000 4,282,000 3,541,000 122,000 1,147,000 6,300,000 1,057,000 242,000 6,105,000 4.138,000 422,000 1,881,000 4,307,000 759,000 235,000 2,412,000 AUSTRALASIA. Australia: Queensland __ .. _ 659,000 2,118,000 6,262,000 1,173,000 170,000 6,395,000 718,000 1,820,000 3,467,000 729,000 210,000 4,127,000 New South Wales _ _ Victoria South Australia AVestern Australia Tasmania Total Australia New Zealand _. 12,039,000 7,721,000 14,973,000 7,215,000 16,777,000 7,795,000 11,071,000 5,025,000 10,016,000 4,607,000 Total Australia _ 19,760,000 22,183,000 24,572,000 16,096,000 14,623,000 Grand total 4,674,000,000 5,409,793,000 4.298,049,000 5,159,157,000 4,732,934.000 •Estimated from returns for census year. t Average production. 11905 figures. § Average 1896-1900. ♦'Estimated from statistics for 1899 and 1904. 80 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ESTIMATED NUMBER, AVERAGE PRICE, AND TOTAL VALUE OF FARM (Figures taken from February Num State, Territory, or Division HORSES Number Jan- uary 1, 1909 Average price per head January 1- Total value a a Per cent a Total 1909 I 1908 January 1, 1909 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Maine 101 99 100 102 103 101 103 100 102 101 100 101 103 101 101 101 104 101 102 102 105 103 104 100 104 110 106 102 104 102 103 105 102 101 105 105 105 104 115 105 110 110 105 94 105 103 105 104 117,000 59,000 93,000 83,000 14,000 61,000 710,000 102,000 619,000 37,000 158,000 314,000 195,000 192,000 85,000 140,000 54,000 9.38,000 830,000 1,623,000 739,000 662,000 752,000 1,419,000 995,000 678,000 594,000 1,035,000 1,152,000 399,000 324,000 168,000 265,000 233,000 1,342,000 781,000 293,000 304,000 135,000 275,000 130,000 111,000 125,000 96,000 158,000 320,000 299,000 412,000 $107.00 98.00 103.00 116.00 126.00 123.00 114.00 124.00 116.00 100.00 100.00 lOO.OO 102.00 110.00 121.00 116.00 104.00 113.00 107.00 109,00 110.00 107.00 100.00 103.00 90.00 101.00 93.00 91.00 89.00 95,00 103.00 88.00 78.00 65.00 71.00 73.00 72.00 65.00 65.00 72.00 41.00 53.00 72.00 70.00 82.00 101.00 92.00 90.00 $106.00 101,00 101.00 lll.OO 121,00 118,00 113.00 113.00 114.00 99.00 94.00 97.00 102.00 107.00 118.00 111.00 104.00 111.00 105.00 107.00 105.00 105.00 98.00 99.00 88.00 97.00 86.00 87.00 87.00 95.00 97.00 89.00 77.00 66.00 65.00 73.00 68.00 73.00 60.00 71.00 42.00 53.00 71.00 77.00 75.00 98.00 96.00 94.00 J 81.00 77.29 77.50 94.22 97.70 91.65 88.14 95.93 85.67 78.10 73.36 69.18 68.64 79.30 85.71 84.70 71.50 81.71 77.42 77.60 83.03 81.82 73.58 71.50 61.92 70.03 57.16 60.54 60.30 66.11 67.89 65.18 57.94 50.48 37.38 45.23 50.95 37.46 33.31 43.91 25.65 29.72 38.38 42.07 41.61 61.47 62.83 62.82 $ 12,519,000 5,782,000 9,579,000 9,628,000 1,764,000 7,503,000 Npw York 80,940,000 12,648,000 Pennsylvania - 71,804,000 3,700.000 15,800,000 Virffinia - 31,400,000 19,890,000 North Carolina 21,120,000 10,285,000 Georgia Florida Ohio Indiana Illinois 16,240,000 5,616,000 108,254,000 88,810,000 176,907,000 21 22 23 24 81,290,000 Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa . 70,834,000 75,200,000 146,157,000 25 26 27 Missouri - North Dakota 89,550,000 68,478,000 55,242,000 28 Nebraska — 94,185,000 102,528,000 SO 37,905,000 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Tennessee Alabama Mississippi - I>ouisiana Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah 33,37^,000 14,784,000 20,670,000 15,145,000 95,282,000 57,013,000 21,096,000 19,760,000 8,775,000 19,800,000 5,330,000 5,883,000 9,000,000 6,720,000 45 46 47 48 Idaho Washington Oregon California United States Division: North Atlantic South Atlantic 12,956,000 32,320,000 27, .508, 000 37,0i0,000 103.2 101.6 101.3 102.4 103.5 104.2 105.0 20,640,000 1,8.58,000 1,175,000 4,812,000 6,625,000 3,805,000 2,365,000 $ 95.64 114.19 105.58 109.33 95.30 77.60 78.28 $ 93.41 112,02 102.62 106.89 91.93 74.80 79.83 $ 66.17 86.86 74.77 79.64 65.22 49.19 47.17 $1,974,052,000 212,167,000 124,051,000 N. C. E. Miss. R N. C. W. Miss. R— South Central 526,095,030 631,340,000 295,267,000 Far W^estern 185,132,000 NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 81 ANIMALS IN THB UNITED STATES JANUARY 1, 1909, WITH COMPARISONS ber United States Crop Reporter.) MULES SWINE Number January 1,1909 Average price per head January 1— Total value Jan- Number Jan- uary 1. 1909 Average price per head Jan- uary 1 — Total 1 h (U (h O) value Jan- t4 e «^ uary 1, e '^1 uary 1, S ii Total 1909 1 1908 ^2 1909 |I Total 1909 1908 ^2 Is 1909 B 3 2: 98 66,000 $ 8.50 $ 8.75 $ 9.19 $ 561,000 1 _ 100 52,000 9.50 9.25 9.52 494,000 808,000 638.000 2 99 98,000 8.25 8.15 8.56 3 99 69,000 9.25 10.25 10.20 4 101 13.000 10.00 10.00 10.36 130,000 5 100 47,000 11.00 10.50 11.02 517,000 6 "l05 i'oOO $127.00 $i22r00 $92.54 $" ios'ooo 100 669,000 8.50 8.90 8.66 5,686,000 7 104 5,000 137.00 13.5.00108.3-9 685,000 102 158,000 9.25 10.00 10.18 1,462,000 8 104 43,000 128,00 124.00 95.21 5,504,000 lOO 990,000 8.50 7.80 8.42 8.415,000 9 106 6,000 129.00 125.00 96.38 774,000 100 46,000 8.0O 7.50 7.78 368,000 10 102 20,000 126.00 121.00 95.56 2,520,000 98 287,000 6.60 6.35 7.13 1,894,000 11 104 53,000 116.00 12t.00 88.17 6,148,000 101 803,000 5.50 5.75 4.81 4,433,000 12 105 12,000 107.00 110.00 75.12 1,284,000 99 375,000 6.0O 5.75 5.54 2,250,000 13 101 179,000 127.00 126.00 93.98 22,733,000 103 1,398,000 6.30 5.60 4.52 8,807,000 14 103 141,000 140.00 143.00 103.76 19,740,000 101 685,000 6.25 5.70 4.86 4,281,000 15 104 241,000 134.00 140.00 104.79 32,294,000 101 1,615,000 5.50 5.50 4.86 8,882,000 16 109 20,000 142.00 142.00 105.68 2,840,000 112 447,000 4.0O 3.75 2.88 1,78^,000 17 1(M 21,000 111.00 110.00 80.66 2,331,000 93 2,380,000 6.75 6.50 6.94 16,065,000 18 104 92,000 112.00 111.00 80.80 10,304,000 96 3,033,000 6.10 6.20 6.63 18,501,000 19 104 149,000 113.00 113.00 81.85 16,837,000 95 4,438,000 7.00 6.60 7.29 31.066,000 20 101 4,000 111.00 107.00 75.42 444,000 96 1,332,000 7.00 6.60 7.24 9,324,000 21 101 5,000 103.00 94.00 73.94 515,000 96 1,834,000 8.25 7.00 7.76 15,130,000 22 100 9,000 104.00 103.00 74.10 938,000 91 1,153,000 7.75 7.10 7.60 8,936,000 23 104 46,000 112.00 108.00 76.21 5,152,000 94 7,908,000 8.00 6.50 7.56 63,264,000 24 105 337,000 103.00 101.00 72.06 34,711,000 91 3,270,000 5.25 5.15 5.34 17,168,000 25 100 8,000 112.00 112.00 82.85 896,000 97 226,000 8.00 7.50 7.75 1,803,000 26 110 9,000 103.00 lOO.OO 64.90 927,000 99 894,000 7.90 7.00 7.50 7,063,000 27 105 71,000 104.00 102.00 72.51 7,384,000 92 3,904,000 7.25 6.25 7.01 28,301,000 28 105 147,000 105.00 99.00 70.05 15,435,000 90 2,397,000 6.50 5.90 6.72 15,5^0,000 29 108 207,000 106.00 106.00 75.87 21,942,000 97 1,236,000 4.75 4.60 4.61 5,871,000 30 101 287,000 lll.OO 108.00 78.25 31,857,000 99 1,487,000 5.00 4.65 4.49 7,435,000 31 106 248,000 108.00 113.00 85.29 26,784,000 99 1,238,000 5.20 4.60 3.95 6,438,000 32 103 287,000 107,00 105.00 81.99 30,709,000 98 1,290,000 4.60 4.50 4.02 5,934,000 33 105 176,000 102.00 109.00 90.37 17,952,000 103 689,000 4.75 4.50 4.12 3,273,000 34 108 6.:8, 000 93.00 91.00 58.49 63,984,000 105 3,304,000 5.60 5.25 4.51 18,502,000 35 110 185,000 96.00 96.00 64.27 17,760,000 lOO 1,588,000 5.15 5.33 5.54 8,178,000 35 104 217,000 99.00 95.00 70.18 21,483,000 102 1,150,000 4.00 3.80 3.33 4,600,000 37 120 5,00C 83.00 82.00 52.05 415,000 103 68,000 10. OO 10.00 8.50 680,000 38 105 1,000 89.00 96.00 59.50 89,000 108 19,000 7.00 9.25 7.97 133,000 39 120 12,000 95.00 95.00 62.84 1,140,000 110 165,000 7.00 8.00 7.06 1,155,000 40 120 8,000 71.00 70.00 43.89 568,000 125 32,000 6.75 7.00 5.84 216,000 41 120 5,000 93.00 89.00 52.11 465,000 120 22,000 7.25 8.00 6.42 160,000 42 110 3,000 75.00 61.00 41.48 225,000 101 327,000 17.00 17.00 18.73 5, .559. 000 43 100 4,000 90.00 83.00 51.56 360,000 102 15,000 9.50 10.00 7.16 142,000 44 115 2,000 101.00 100.00 55.99 202,000 110 143,000 7.25 7.00 6.82 1,037,000 45 120 5,000 108.00 104.00 69.28 540,000 108 197,000 7.50 7.75 7.44 1,478,000 48 110 8,000 103.00 99.00 58.45 824,000 104 290,000 6.25 6.25 5.72 1,812,000 17 101 83,000 107.00 113.00 74.37 8,881,000 102 532,000 6.50 7.20 6.42 3,653,000 48 104.8 4,053,000 $107.84 $107.76 $78.69 $437,082,000 96.5 54,147,000 $ 6.55 $ 6.05 $ 6.24 $354,794,000 104.0 52,000 128.79 124.94 96.32 6,697,000 100.0 2,162,000 8.65 8.53 8.80 18,711,000 102.9 672,000 131.45 134.42 99.49 88,333,000 102.0 5,659,000 5.78 5.54 4.82 82,703,000 104.2 271,090 112.29 111.63 81.16 30,431,000 95.1 13,017,000 6.92 6.54 7.14 90,083,000 lot. 8 627,000 104.3? 101.32 72.03 65,441,000 92.7 19,752,000 7.20 6.22 6.99 142,123,000 105.3 2,295,000 101.29 100.91 72.. 56 232,471,000 LOO. 9 11,982,000 5.03 4.78 4.39 60,231,000 106.2 133,000 100,80 104.08 67.74 13,709,000 105.3 1,575,000 6.95 7.35 6.66 10,940,000 81 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ESTIMATED NUMBER, AVERAGE PRICE, AND TOTAL VALUE OF FARM (Figures taken from February Num State, Territory, or Division SHEEP Number Jan- Average price per uary 1, 1909 head January 1— Total value Jan- «2? uary 1, Per cent a Total 1909 1908 1909 98 262,000 $ 3.10 $ 4.09 $ 3.31 $ 812,000 99 76,000 3.30 3.87 3.26 251,000 102 227,000 3.60 4.16 3.55 817,000 101 45,000 4.0O 4.49 4.32 180,000 lOS 9,000 4.00 4.40 3.94 36,000 101 34,000 4.40 4.75 4.34 150,000 103 1,165,000 4.30 4.81 4.27 5,010,000 100 44,000 5.00 4.99 4.45 220,000 103 1,135,000 4.50 4.62 3.93 5,108,000 97 12,000 4.40 4.64 3.90 53,000 100 163,000 4.60 4.55 3.83 750,000 101 517,000 3.80 4.0O 3.22 1,965,000 105 709,000 4.0O 4.40 3.37 2,836,000 101 222,000 2.40 2.62 2.01 533,000 99 58,000 2.20 2.17 1.99 128,000 96 258,000 1.90 2.01 1.80 490,000 98 99,000 1.90 1.97 1.95 188,000 100 3,110,000 4.10 4.48 3.73 12,751,000 100 1,215,000 4.50 5.06 4.10 5,468,000 100 793,000 4.80 5.01 4.22 3,806,000 100 2,130,000 3.90 4.46 3.75 8,307,000 100 1,044,000 3.80 4.15 3.50 3,967,000 10-2 468,000 3.50 3.79 3.24 1,633,000 lOi 747,000 4.60 4.97 4.10' 3,436,000 9S 997,000 3.90 4.36 3.40 3,888,000 99 621,000 3.60 3.56 3.13 2,236,000 100 821,000 3.50 3.63 3.23 2,874,000 95 409,000 3.50 3.76 3.31 1,432,000 105 248,000 4.00 4.15 3.34 992,000 100 1,071,000 3.80 4.22 3.15 4,070,000 101 351,000 3.20 3.39 2.47 1,123,000 93 184,000 1.90 1.94 1.71 3.50,000 97 176,000 1.90 1.80 1.67 334,000 101 182,000 1.80 1.79 1.76 328,000 103 1,853,000 2.70 2.74 2.14 5,003,000 104 102,000 3.20 2.88 2.74 326,000 95 253,000 2.10 2.13 1.79 531,000 102 5,634,000 3.30 3.90 2.98 18,5:J2,00O 112 6,-591,000 3.40 4.15 3.11 22,409,000 100 1,695,000 3.10 3.33 • 2.88 5,254,000 104 4,978,000 3.00 3.45 2.30 14,931,000 102 1,052,000 3.30 3.62 2.66 3,472,000 105 3,115,000 3.30 3.88 2.85 10,280,000 98 1,554,000 3.00 3.79 2.99 4,662,000 109 3,897,000 3.40 3.55 2.87 13,250,000 97 799,000 3.40 3.73 3.06 2,717,000 9d 2,634,000 3.10 3.58 2.76 8,165,000 96 2,325,000 2.80 3.47 2.95 6,510,000 102.7 56,084,000 ? 3.43 $ 3.88 .$ 3.06 $ 192,632,000 102.3 2,997,000 4.20 4.60 3.98 12,58t,000 101.3 2,038,000 3.41 3.61 2.90 6,913,000 100.0 8,292,000 4.14 4.57 3.81 34,299,000 100.0 4,311,000 3.83 4.07 3.41 16,496,000 101. 4,172,000 2.89 3.02 2.36 12,065,000 104.0 ]4, 274,000 3.22 3.73 2.85 110,245,000 Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts _— Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey -. Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia West Virginia _ _- North Carolina South Carolina — Georgia Florida Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri North Dakota South Dakota Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah ^ Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon California United States Division: North Atlantic South Atlantic N. C. E. Miss. R-. N. C. W. Miss. R South Central Far Western ♦Compared with number JanuaiT l. 1908. NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 83 ANIMALS IN THE UNITED STATES JANUARY 1, 1900. WITH COMPARISONS ber United States Crop Reporter.) MILCH COWS OTHFR CATTLE Number Jan- Average price per head Jan- Number Jan- Average price per head Jan- uary 1, 1909 uary 1— Total uary ' 1, 1»U3 uary 1— Total u 1. 1909 |1 o 1909 1998 ^•2 ^5 1, 1909 98 179,000 $29.00 $31.00 $29.90 $ 5,191,000 96 145,000 $15.00 $16.00 $18.45 $ 2,175,000 1 97 124,000 32.00 32.50 32.31 3,968,000 94 97,000 18.00 17.00 19.04 1,746,000 2 99 288,000 30.00 30.00 28.26 8,&40,000 97 214,000 13.50 14.00 15.97 2,889,000 3 99 194,000 40.00 40.00 38.41 7,760,000 98 90,000 16.00 17.00 18.77 1,440,000 4 100 26,000 43.00 42.50 40.10 1,118.000 lOO 10,000 18.00 19.00 21.04 180,000 5 99 137,000 38.00 37.50 36.29 5,206,000 lOO 83,000 17.50 19.00 21.61 1,4.52,000 6 100 1,789,000 34.25 33. .50 33.75 61,273,000 99 898,000 16.50 17.00 18.90 14,817,0OO[ 7 100 190,000 45.50 43.00 40.19 8,645,000 100 82,000 20.50 21.00 21.93 1,681,000' 8 100 1,152,000 37.00 36.00 33.20 42,624,000 100 965,000 18.50 18.00 19.. 58 17,8.32,000! 9 108 38,000 36.00 36.50 31.73 1,368,000 102 23,000 19.50 20.00 1 20.08 429,00010 102 158,000 33.00 32.00 29.69 5,214,000 101 141,000 20.00 20.00 19.64 2,820,00011 102 294,000 28.75 28.00 25.01 8,452,000 103 578,000 18. .50 19.00 18.91 10,693,00012 100 247,000 32.50 33.00 29.03 8,028,000 98 538,000 21.50 22.00 21.36 11,-567,000 13 100 294,000 25.00 24.00 20.99 7,350,000 101' 4.54,000 11.50 12.00 10.85 5,221,00O|l4 101 139,000 27.00 27.00 23.31 3,753,000 101 225,000 11.50 12.00 10.55 2,588,000 15 101 311,000 23.50 25.00 23.96 7,308,000 100 680,000 9.50 11. OO 10.05 6,460,000 16 loe 93,000 26.50 29.00 22.30 2,464,000 104 691,000 10.00 10.00 9.13 6,91O,0OO:i7 103 947,000 37.75 36.00 32.79 35,749,000 95 998,000 22.00 21.00 22.74 21,9.56,000 18 103 680,000 35,50 33.00 31.62 24,140,000 96 1,052,000 21.50 21.00 23.22 22,618,00019 103 1,220,000 37.00 35.00 34.18 45,140,000 95 2.056.000 23.00 22.00 24.78 47,288,000 20 105 891,000 35.25 34.00 32.73 31,408,000 99 993,000 16.00 16.00 18.41 15,888,000 21 105 1,462,000 34.00 30.50 30.70 49,708,000 98 1,114,000' 15.00 13.00 16.80 16,710,000 23 105 1,092,000 30.25 28.00 28.20 33,033,000 98 1,253,000 12.50 12.00: 14.68 15,662,000 23 102 1,586,000 34.00 30.50 31.01 53,924,000 99 3,842,000 22.50 21.00 24.28 86,445,000 24 102 984,000 31.00 28.50 27.05 30,504,000 95 2,232,000 21.00 20.00 21.13 46,872,000 25 105 235,000 30.50 27.50 29.25 7,168,000 100 642,000 17.. 50 16.00 20.49 11,235,000 26 lOi 643,000 30.00 2 7.. 50 28.09 19,290,000 98 1,397,000 18.50 18.001 21.11 25,844,000 27 102 897,000 31.00 29.00 29.75 27,807,000 98 3,200,000 20.00 19.00 21.60 64,000,000 28 103 744,000 33.00 29.00 28.23 24,552,000 98 3,505,000 21.50 20.00 22.20 75,358,000 29 101 402.000 30.75 27.50 26.18 12,362,000 98 700,000 18.50 18.00 18.86 12,950,000 30 101 334,000 24.00 23.00 22.62 8,016,000 lOO 595,000 12.00 12.00 12.98 7,140,000 31 102 289,000 22.00 21.00 19.21 6,3.58,000 101 544,000 8.00 8.0O 8.42 4,352,000 S3 100 330,000 20.00 20.00 21.16 6,600,000 101 595,000 8.00 8.00 9.42 4,760,000 33 103 196,000 23.50 24.00 23.26 4,606,000 100 480,000 10.00 10.00 10.82 4,800,000 34 105 1,126,000 27.00 26.00 23.25 30,402,000 98 7,668,000 13.00 12.00 13.46 99,684,000 35 100 338,000 26.25 26.00 25.90 8,872,000 97 1,760,000 16.50 16.00 18.03 29,040.000 36 101 383,000 19.25 18.;50 18.67 7,469,000 97 674,000 8.00 8.00 9.32 5,392,000 37 108 75,000 44.00 36.00 36.47 3,300,000 103 905,000 22.00 20.00 22.88 19,910,000 38 110 25,000 40.00 38.00 37.29 1,000,000 104 872,000 23.00 24.00 23.85 20,0.56,000 39 110 158,000 35.50 37.00 33.98 5,609,000 100 1,454,000 19.50 20.00 21.22 28,353,000 40 110 28,000 36.50 38.00 33.28 1,022,000 100 939,000 16.00 17.00 16.76 15,024,000 41 105 24,000 45.00 43.00 1 35.53 1,080,000 106 639,000 19.00 17.00 16.66 12,141,000 42 107 85,000 31.50 31.00 31.12 2,678,000 101 327,000 17.00 17.00 18.73 54,559,000 43 105 18,000 40.25 45.00 36.79 724,000 110 404,000 19.00 20.00 20.24 7,676,000 44 110 76.000 35.53 32.00 32.17 2,698,000 101 347,000 18.50 17.00 19.43 6,420.000 45 lOi 195,00 40.00 37.00 35.00 7,800,000 98 381,000 18.00 18.00 19.72 6,858,000 46 107 169,000 33.00 35.00 31.52 6,084,000 98 743,000 17.00 17.00 18.44 12,631,000 47 105 430,000 36.00 36.00 36.01 15,480,000 100 1,155,000 17.50 19.00 20.86 20,212,000 48 102.5 21,720,000 $32.36 .$30.67 $29.85 $702,945,000 98.6 49,379,000 $17.49 $16.89 $18.62 .$863,754,000 99.7 4,079,000 35.41 34.76 33.64 144,425,000 98.9 2,584,000 17.12 17.25 19.06 44,232,000 101. 1,574,000 27.91 28.01 25.02 43,937,000 101.2 3,329,000 14.02 14.65 13.94 46,688,000 103.7 5,200,000 35.S0i 33.50 32.37 186,145,000 96.3 6,213,000 20.03 19.15 21.80 124,460,000 103.0 6,181,000 31.76 28.92 29.00 196,278,000 97.9 16,071,000 20.25 19.08 21.67 325,416,000 102.3 3,403,000 24.89 23.88 22.73 84,685,000 98.2 13,016,000 12.92 12.25 13.66 168,118,000 106.8 l,2S3,OO0 37.00 35.92 34.50 47,475,000 101.4 8,166,000 18.96 19.07 20.23 154,840,000 PART IIL PROCEEDINGS OF THE Joint Session of the Annual State Farmers' Institute and Corn Belt Meat Pro- ducers Association. HELD AT Savery Convention Room at the Savery Hotel, Des Moines, Iowa, on December 8, 1908. MORNING SESSION, 10 :00 A. M. C. E. Cameron, President State Board of Agriculture, in the chair. President Cameron : We have an address of welcome upon our program but I have been unable to find out who is to deliver it. It seems the secretaries of the two organizations rather got the thing mixed up, and each understood the other was to look after the matter. The upshot of it is that we haven't anybody here to give us an address of welcome. As far as that is concerned, I know that you are welcome to the city of Des Moines without any address of that nature. We will begin our program with an address on public school organization by Prof. A. Y. Storm, Ames, Iowa. PUBLIC SCHOOL AGRICULTURE. PEOF. A. V. STORM, AMES, IOWA. Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Iowa State Farmers' Institute and Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association: The people everywhere are intensely interested in the public schools. Nowhere in America do we ever have to question the interest of people in that subject. It is some- NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 86 times a dominant interest, sometimes a dormant interest; sometimes illy directed, sometimes not directed at all, sometimes well directed. The interest in agriculture is not so universal, and yet there is perhaps no one general topic in which the interest is so rapidly increasing as on the subject of agriculture. Everywhere that we go, in every paper that we pick up, almost everywhere that men meet together — in the last few years, particularly, it has become noticeable to me that the interest in agriculture is increasing wonderfully. The terms of "hay- seed" and "clodhopper" and "Rube" belong entirely to another genera- tion. The only people that I know of that use those now are a set over in the big cities like New York and Chicago, who are preparing car- toons for such papers as Puck and Judge, that we find around barber shops; and those dear people are living just one generation behind. You know when we get a cartoonist like we have in this city (and I question whether there is his equal anywhere in the United States — when "Ding" gets up a cartoon with the farmer in it he represents him in the modern conception. So there are but few people but have come to recognize that the farm and the farmer and farming are now the cynosure of all eyes. Contempt is no longer held by thoughtful people for the tiller of the soil. I am not sure that I read the signs of the times aright, but I take this to be an indication of a great movement for more intelligent and improved agriculture. There are three great processes of society: the production of raw material, the manufacture of that raw material into a finished manu- factured product, and the transportation of that fanufactured product from place to place. The last one hundred years have seen an intense attention given to two of them. Never in the history of mankind, as we all know, , has the genius of not only the Yankee, but of all civil- ized people, brought forth such results in the processes of manufacture and transportation; and while the problems of manufacture and trans- portation are not yet all solved, still to my humble mind there is no question whatever but that we are far ahead in those two departments of human activity over the first activity which I mentioned; that of the production of raw material. Just think it over a little and see if you won't agree with me. The genius of invention, the organization and use of capital, have expended themselves upon the problems of manufacture and transportation. "What is the result? The result is that the process of producing raw material is far behind what it should be; and while the last generation has devoted itself to manufacture and transportation improvement, I look forward to the next one hun- dred years to intensify its application to process for the production of raw material. Everybody is thinking about farming, as I said a little while ago. The commission our own beloved Henry Wallace is a member, is just a headed by that brilliant man from New York, Dr. Bailey, and of which commission our own beloved Henry Wallace is a member, is just a straw which shows which way the wind blows. Some people thought they saw in that a political movement. I am sorry for the person who can't see wider and deeper than that. Statesmen do not make move- 8u IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ments themselves, nor politicial movements. The great mass of the thinking people get to thinking a thought, or a series of thoughts more or less disjointed; the more masterful mind of statesmanship perceives the thought that is uppermost in the mind of a great free people, and proceeds to organize and crystallize it into a form for action. And it seems to me that is what the appointment of this commission means, and that that great man has seen the trend of the times. While interest in public schools is of long standing and almost uni- versal, and while interest in agriculture is not of long standing and not quite so universal, interest in public school agriculture is more modern than either of these, and yet it is not wholly new. In almost any of our states we find evidences of this interest in public school agriculture. I am not going to stop to enumerate them, because I understand my time is limited. If I am right, however, in the theory that we are on the eve of a great movement for the improvement of the production of raw material in agriculture, then it behooves us to con- sider the conditions that will enable us to solve these problems the most rapidly. I believe we need agriculture in the public schools for three great reasons: for better agriculture, for better homes and citizenship, for better schools, and I will pay my attention to each of those very rapidly and discursively. We need it for better agriculture for these four reasons, looking simply toward the future for a moment: for preserving the fertility of the soil; for carrying on agriculture with higher priced labor even than we now have; for feeding a population tenfold as great as that of the past; and for so intensifying our agriculture that we shall get adequate financial returns upon land which shall double — possibly treble and quadruple — its present value in the state of Iowa. This makes it imperative, it seems to me, that the boys and the girls who are going to solve the agricultural problems of the next generation shall be differently prepared than our fathers and mothers were. Don't let anyone misinterpret my attitude toward the men of the past. I want to say that if the boys of the next generation solve their problems as well as you have done, they will do well. I don't mean to say that the boy of the next generation must be a better man than his father, and I don't expect him to solve his problems any better than his father has done; because it is wonderful to me what the men have done who came out into this new country and made it what it is in so short a time. But his problems, while no more difficult, are very different. His father's problems were of the pioneer nature; the son's problem is the intensive and the preserving cultivation of the soil; con- sequently he must have a different kind of preparation. That prepara- tion which made your father and mine fairly successful farmers will not do for their sons and grandsons. The question is, where is this preparation for these new duties to come from? Is there a fund of scientific agricultural knowlegde which, if applied, will help to solve these problems? I believe there is, and that the great agricultural colleges have been keeping quite good NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 87 pace with the demands of the times, seconded by the leading farmers in the different communities; and they are going right on. We need not oncern ourselves, then, I think, about the question of whether we can procure the new information, but we must concern ourselves with the question of how we are going to get this information to the people who are to use it; that is, what are the means by which the rising generation are going to be educated in Improved agriculture? One means is the farmers' institute; and I am delighted to know that most of the counties in this state have it, and I trust that we will never let it die out. I want to say a word more about that if I don't reach the limit of my time. Another is the agricultural college. I won't stop to pay my respects to that; I know the regard in which you hold it. The third is the agricultural press; and as I shall probably not have an opportunity of speaking of that again, I want to pay a tribute to the wonderful things that it has done for the farm and the farmer. It is held in different esteem from what it once was, and there are reasons for it. Of course all sorts of things appear in the agricultural colimans of the press, because they are open to every one; but the peo- ple who are the dominant spirits in the agricultural press today are people who know agriculture from the ground up; that is, they have had their hands and feet in touch with Mother Earth, and they have had scientific training beside. There is the work that the agricultural college is doing, in addition to its resident courses, by its extension work in the short courses; and there is the possibility of a correspondence course; and with these it seems to me you have covered all the available means of giving this in- formation. What is the trouble with all those things? They are all good, but there are a few deficiencies. One is that they reach so small a portion of the people; another is that they reach them after mature years. It is only the occasional man who is thoroughly open-minded to hold- ing new ideas after he is forty years of age, and that hits some of us pretty hard. The wonderful Gladstone was constantly open to new truths, but he was a rare exception. We do not readily change. If this movement is important, and if, purely for the sake of agriculture, the future generations are to know more about the science and art of agri- culture than they have known, we must accept and use the only educa- tional factor in America that reaches all the people practically, and reaches them at an age when they are capable of learning. If there were no other reason, it seems to me we wall have to expect the public schools to give to the coming generations the knowledge of agriculture which they will need. If the demands and needs of agriculture were the only reasons for putting this study into the public schools, we might hesitate somewhat; but there are other reasons. Regardless of its effect upon agriculture, it is worth all the trouble and pains it is going to take, for the sake of its educational value alone. The common people for years have been demanding that the public schools give a more practical education. 88 ' ^ A^A DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The captains of industry have been demanding that they teach the boys and girls some things that they are going to have to do when they get out into the world. The teachers have had an idea of what con- stituted proper education for boys and girls based upon an old, worn- out pedagogy. Ten years ago people began to discover that they could apply to the processes of education some of the processes that the world has already been applying to the sciences; that is, that they could in- vestigate the operation of children's minds. So there have been three forces actively at work in the last ten years: experimental psychology, in which they experiment upon the children's minds; child study, in which they devote their time, carefully and thoughtfully, to the study of thousands of children, to discover how their minds work; and physio- logical psychology, in which they base their judgment of the operation of the mind somewhat upon the operation of the body. These have revo- lutionized the so-called laws of education. Now, you gentlemen possibly have not been as interested in this phase of the question as I have, but I will tell you that the educators who are in touch with the new conception of schools and schooling stand side by side with the other two classes of people that I have been mentioning: the great mass of common people and the leaders in in- dustrial lines. They are ready to say that some of the things that the common people have been demanding should be taught, and that, pure- ly from the standpoint of what is best for the growth of the mind, re- gardless of the child's future business capacity, we need a revision of our courses of study, and different material and different processes upon which the children shall partially expend their time in the public schools. We have passed the time when educators set as an aim in education the gathering of information, and have reached the point where education means anything and everything that will adjust the individual to his future environment and enable him to solve the prob- lems of his surroundings in such a way that he will live the greatest life for himself, for mankind and for God. When we come to consider the education in the light of a process of adjusting the mind, then we want to use those things round about the child that will help adjust him to the things that he is going to do, not necessarily as a business, but that best develop his mind and pre- pare him to get the most out of his surroundings. Life is a constant interchange between myself and everything that is outside of me, and to get the most out of life we want the best interchange between the individual and the things around him. A noted man in Chicago, Mr. John Dewey, who was going to start a new school, went to the furniture dealers and tried to find equipment for his schoolhouse which conformed to his ideas. They showed him seats and desks, but none of them were what he wanted. Finally, after they had talked it over, the dealer said, "I discover what is the matter with these seats; they are all listening seats!" If you think about your coun- try schoolhouse, you will find that the seats are all listening seats. Theo- retically we are away ahead of that. We know that education is a matter of activity; that we learn through the things that we do largely more than through the things that we read. We have learned, also, that edu- NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 89 cation is a process of expression as well as of impression. Sitting down here and letting things come into my mind is not the only side of edu- cation; it is a very weak side unless it is accompanied with the process of giving, "out of every word of the mouth," as the Bible says. We have learned a number of these new things, and the leading educators have come to the stand that a child shall be educated through a study of his environment. Understand, gentlemen, that that doesn't mean that because a boy lives in the country he shall study his surroundings in order to become a farmer. They are looking for the best process for developing the mind purely from the standpoint of the scientific educator. Over in New England and in some of those manufacturing towns it means hand work and tool work, but out here in the great agricultural state of Iowa it means the study of the economic surroundings, which is agriculture. I can't help but see the problems connected with this. We must put into the public schools a wise, sensible, rational teaching of agriculture. What a sad thing it is to find a school in which the dominant idea is that a school is simply a place to study books! I can't believe any man far enough advanced to be a member of this Association believes that. No school will be a good one whose teacher is controlled by that idea. The most wonderful teaching ever done was by the Man back there by the shores of Galilee. He taught those wonderful abstract truths by means of scientific truths and an observance of the world around Him. In this state a child five years old is allowed to go to school. But he has learned more in that five years than he will in all the other years of his life, if he lives to be 969 years old, like Methusaleh. He learned those wonderful things absolutely without books, by the exercise of his six senses upon the great world round about him. He began by kicking and squalling and complaining — and some people never get over it! The next thing his hands and feet both began to work together, and things had to roost high. The hammer and the looking-glass and the boy of three got into a mix-up entirely too often. His mother is very likely to think that the old de'il is in the lad, if she doesn't say so. It is not the devil that is in the boy; it is the Lord. I suppose she thinks that "the Lord moves in a mysterious way, his wonders to perform." But if the mother will be thoughtful, she will be very sorry to have him keep out of all that mischief, because that would mean that in all probability he would be ready to go down to one of those institutions that the state furnishes over which Mr. Cownie has charge. If he didn't get up and use all his six senses he would not be a normal child. But the point I want to make is that books form a small part of learning. There are three things a man ought to have. He ought to know books; I would not want to be- little them. Blessings on the teacher that knows how to use them in the education of the child! The second thing he must know is this great world of things with which he is going to have to do; and the third thing is that he be able to do well something that is worth having done. If the school-room is the place to educate, then anything that will educate prop- erly for those three things and that can be properly administered without loss has a place there. 90 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE I want to come immediately to some things that concern you. In ord';- to have agriculture in public schools we must solve three problems. The public must want the subject taught; that is, there must be a campaign of interest. We must have a set of teachers prepared to teach the subject. We must have a body of subject matter prepared for them to teach. Pub- lic sentiment is growing very rapidly, but I believe it is your duty to help increase it. I understand there are a great many men here who are officials in the farmers' institutes, and here is a field for your efforts. I don't know how the preparation of a body of teachers is going to be brought about. One man believes we ought to have district high schools; another thinks we ought to appropriate money for the denominational schools; others believe we ought to have a summer school at Ames. I am sure, however, that in addition to all these, and in connection with them, we need a correspondence school of agriculture, for we will never reach all the teachers in any other way. Do you know that there were last year 28,000 people of the state of Iowa attending by mail colleges in other states? Why should we not have a correspondence school right here, where not only the teachers, but the thoughtful, active farmer, may be directed in his work while he goes on with it? The teacher and the farmer can't get away, and we ought to help them to get in line with this movement. I don't know exactly what the report of this new commission on the school laws is going to be, or what it will be after the Legislature gets through with it; but I believe the next Legislature should do something furthering this proposition of a more sensible and rational education of the boys and girls who live in the rural communities. I want to pay my respects to the farmers' institute and to commend it and the people here who have been working in it for all the good things that have been done; but I believe it is just in its infancy, and I want to commend to you men the importance of taking up this subject in your programs. Get your county superintendents interested, and help by these means to make the farmers' institute what it is going to be: a ten- fold more efficient means than it has been in the past, even. Question: What are the educational requirements for a farmer's boy to enter Ames ? Prof. Storm : I am not authorized to speak for the faculty upon that; and while I am to be a member of the committee on college entrance requirements for the new year, I have not yet served with that committee. I think the general requiremnts for entrance to Ames (I say this with some reservation) are about the equivalent of the first two years of an ordinary high school. That is for enter- ing the academy, which is just below the freshman class. The President: The next on our program is an address by Geo. C. White of Nevada, Iowa, on The Farmer in the Legislature. NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 91 THE FARMER IN THE LEGISLATURE. GEO. C. WHITE, NEVADA, IOWA. Mr. President, Felloiv Farmers and Mem'bers of the Meat Producers Asso- ciation: The subject assigned me for discussion is not one chosen by myself, yet it is one that may very properly be disucussed at this place and this time. The Meat Producers Association was organized for the purpose of re- lieving the individual shippers from many injustices that then existed and with the firm and steadfast belief that the voice of an association of thousands of members united for a fixed and well defined purpose would be far more effective than individual unorganized efforts in correcting the injustices and abuses that the shipper of stock was subjected to at the hands of the transportation companies, commission men, stock yard com- panies and packers. From the very beginning our association has been working for legisla- tion, both state and national, that will correct injustice, secure good service at reasonable rates and provide a fair and competitive market for the sale of our stock. While it sometimes seemed we were not as successful in obtaining the legislation asked for as we hoped to be, yet on the whole, as judged from the total results it is doubtful of any association, organized for a similar purpose, was ever nearly as successful as has been this one. Since it has been necessary for this association to bring many meas- ures before the general assembly of this state, a short explanation of the machinery and working of our legislative bodies might be instructive and valuable, and show why hearings are necessary and procedure not rapid. V/hen a measure is placed in proper form for consideration by one of our legislative bodies it is called a bill. A bill on any subject of legisla- tion may be introduced by any member of either body. Two copies of every bill must be furnished the clerk, one copy is marked original, the other duplicate or printer's copy. When the clerk receives the bill he gives it the proper consecutive number, and reads the title to the bill for information. If no objection is offered the bill immediately goes to the second reading, by the order of the presiding officer. After the bill is read the second time it is ready for commitment, amendment or engrossment and is referred, by the presiding officer, to the appropriate committee. Under our rules a committee is allowed to hold a bill not longer than ten days, at the end of which time the committee must report this bill back to the body from which it came. This rule, however, is flagrantly violated, and here is often the danger place of many meritorious bills. When a bill is referred to a committee it is the duty of the chairman to notify those who are interested and both those who favor and those who oppose the measure that on a certain day and hour this committee would hold an open meeting and hear arguments why this bill should or should not become a law. 92 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Any citizen who is interested has a perfect right to appear before a legislative committee and state his reasons for favoring or opposing any bill and is entitled to and will almost invariably receive a respectful hearing. As already stated meritorious measures are often defeated in committee hands, one method pursued is by secret ballot in the committee to recom- mend the bill for indefinite postponement. Usually the recommendation of a committee is adopted by the larger body and the reason is obvious. In the House of the Thirty-second General Assembly over 400 bills were introduced. It would have been utterly impossible for each member to make a careful study of the merits and demerits of each bill. Therefore the work is divided among committees, the members of the committee make a careful study of the bills which come to them and report them back to the main body either recommending them for passage or indefi- nite postponement, and the report of the committee is usually adopted. Then after the bill is reported favorably by the committee and the report adopted by the larger body the bill takes its place on the calendar and comes a few days later in its regular order for passage. During the time that this bill is on the calendar all members study the merits and demerits of the bill that they may speak intelligently and vote intelligently when the bill comes up for passage. However, there are other dangers that the bill will meet while in the hands of the committee. The method that put to death the Doran speed limit bill and other bills that had passed the House of the Thirty-second General Assembly was to delay hearings and hold the bills in the hands of the committee until the closing days of the session when a large amount of work has piled up and then shove measures objectionable to some in- fluential interests to one side and let them die without consideration. In the Senate of the Thirty-second General Assembly a sifting committee was appointed a few days before the close and all pending bills were turned over to this committee. A resolution was then passed providing that only such bills as had been favorably reported by their committees should be considered by the Senate and thus was the speed limit and other good bills killed. Another effective scheme to kill a bill is to amend it in such a way that it will not serve the purpose desired, then even its friends will be ready to kill it. This plan is resorted to in both the com- mittee and the main body. After the bill has successfully passed through the committee and received the aye vote of a majority of the members of the body in which it was introduced it is then messaged to the other body and there must be read, referred to the proper committee for con- sideration and pass through the same formalities as in the first body. If the bill receives the aye vote of a majority of the members of the second body it is declared to have passed, is then engrossed and enrolled, is carefully read by the committee on enrolled bills to avoid errors, re- ceives the signature of the Speaker of the House in the presence of the House and the signature of the President of the Senate in the presence of the Senate. After which the bill is presented by the committee of the house in which it is origniated to the Governor for his approval be- fore it can become a law. NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 93 I have thus briefly tried to point out the road a bill must travel before it can become a law. To some it may appear there is a great deal of red tape about this process, yet to prevent hasty action, to avoid snap judgment in legislation, I believe it is best that bills become laws only after careful consideration and this due process of procedure has been followed. I do not want to be understood to say that meritorious measures are often defeated from ulterior motives. They are seldom defeated from such motives. A legislator is usually as honest and earnest in doing right as other men, but I have been led to believe that some of our members are from Missouri and that it is difficult to show them the importance of some measures to the stockmen and farmers. A large part of the meat producers' troubles are connected with the transportation questions. We soon find when we attempt to get legisla- tion on transportation that we are likely o come in contact with a clause of Section S, Article 1 of the constitution of the United States, by which the states delegated to the federal government the power "to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the several states, and with the Indian tribes." For this reason our association through its officers has been compelled to employ an attorney to prepare our case and present it before the Inter- state Commerce Commission. For this same reason our association with the cattle growers and other associations sent committees to "Washing- ton to urge the passage of the rate law as recommended by the President three years ago. Had it not been for these powerful western organizations it would hardly have been possible to pass this rate law which put to death all forms of rebate, whether through private car lines, independent sidings. or otherwise. In the Thirty-third General Assembly there will be eight farmers in the Senate and forty-eight classed as farmers in the House. A total of fifty- six, or over one-third of the members of the next assembly of Iowa are farmers. The question which naturally arises is, with this large number of farmers will the commercial and other business interests of Iowa re- ceive due consideration? I do not hesitate to answer in the affirmative. My. experience has taught me that there are no members of the legisla- ture who more earnestly, intelligently and faithfully guard the educa- tional, commercial and business interests of the state than the farmer members. They have as broad and intelligent views on schools, transpor- tation, commission form of city government and other measures and are experts on agricultural questions besides. The interests and welfare of all classes in Iowa are so closely inter- woven that neither can rise nor fall without injury to all other classes. We are all thoroughly interested in doing what we can to improve the conditions of life in our state. We are all working for better schools, better roads, better transportation facilities, better markets, better wages. To build up our towns and cities and to improve our homes. A speaker at the Dairy Convention at Waterloo, a few days ago, made a strong plea for smaller farms, and more intensive farming. 94 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE This is much to be desired and will come but with it must come largely increasing population in our cities. We must increase our manufactures. We must find profitable employment for capital and labor at home, rather than investing our surplus capital in Canada and Texas lands. Capital invested in Iowa lands and Iowa enterprises during the next decade is sure to pay as good or better returns than that invested elsewhere. The farmer in the legislature is as thoroughly interested in all these questions as is any other member. His progress and his success is largely dependent upon the welfare and success of all other classes. Now, gentlemen, in conclusion let me urge upon you the importance of keeping up and enlarging this association. At a trifiing expense for each member we can keep a powerful organization to protect our interests. We will be in a position to employ able men to work out our case and, like a well drilled foot ball team, charge the line of our opposition and, figuratively speaking, demoralize them. As individuals we can do but little to influence legislation or to even present our grievances; while as an organization, with a fair fund to pay the expense of presenting our claims we can always be sure of obtaining our rights. When our association was organized it seemed we were organized for a single purpose. However, as the years pass we find that new and im- portant questions are constantly arising. We have already battled with transportation, markets, taxation, stock food and other questions. We already have new questions before us. Tuberculosis in animals is already demanding the attention of our state. Who are so much interested as the stockmen? The school laws of our state are soon to be revised. The rural school is the knotty problem in this revision. You are the men interested. Teaching agriculture in our public schools and the proposed plan to aid approved colleges in this state in adding instruction in agriculture to their normal course of study must be considered. The question of advancing, and reducing, transportation rates, are now, and probably always will, confront us. There will be a hundred other questions as important as these, con- stantly arising. Then let us keep up our organization and be ready to act intelligently and effectively. The President : We will now listen to an address by Prof. C. F. Curtiss of Ames, on the subject of Government Horse Breeding — The American Carriage Horse. GOVERNMENT HORSE BREEDING — THE AMERICAN CARRIAGE HORSE. PEOF. C. F. CUKTISS, AMES, IOWA. Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Association: It seems a little strange, in view of all that has been done by the government for promoting the various agricultural interests, that until recently nothing has been done by it in the way of encouragement and NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 95 improvement of the better type of breeding domestic animals. Foreign countries that have been producing and furnishing us the breeds from which we have imported so largely have spent millions where we have spent cents in the improvement of their domestic animals; and as a result, they have fixed and definite types. This has come about very largely by the government aid that has been given to producing various types of domestic animals, and especially horses. It takes more time, more persistent effort, to establish a type or breed of horses than of most other domestic animals; and in consequence of that the foreign govern- ments that are giving most attention to the improvement of domestic animals have given more liberal aid to the improvement of horses than to the improvement of other domestic animals. Fortunately, we have in this country some of what are called native types of horses. During the latter part of the eighteenth century a horse called Imported Messenger was imported. He was a thoroughbred horse, but he early gave evidence of having a strong and a well-established tendency to trot. That horse is regarded as the foundation of the Amer- ican trotting breed. His progeny also gave evidence of this inclination to go fast at the trot. The trot is termed and considered an artificial rather than a natural gait; at least in the extreme speed. The year after Messenger was imported, 1789, Justin Morgan was foaled. Justin Morgan was the foundation of the Morgan type of breed of horses, and those two horses have been great factors in establishing types. From the one came the American trotting horse, and from the other the Morgan type. Then later we had Roy Wilkes' Hambletonian, in 1849. That horse gave evidence of this ability to go fast at the trot in a remarkable degree — much more so than any horse previous to this time; and Roy Wilkes' Hambletonian constitutes the real origin of the American trotting horse. From that time forward there has been a rapid development of the American trotting horse, until we have to-day the standard bred horse. It was developed primarily for speed, but there has been a constant inter- mingling of the blood of the standard-bred horse and the Morgan type or breed, and another type that developed about the middle of the last cen- tury, the saddle horse, from the Denmark blood. You will be surprised to-day, when you come to study the pedigrees of many of the leading horses, to find how these three lines of blood have been intermingled in many of the most prominent and most valuable horses that we have for various purposes. The saddle horse breeders held pretty firmly to a fixed type, and as a result we have the American or gaited saddle horse; and while they are trained to go what we call the saddle gait, they are also very successful in going what we call the English gaits or the walk, trot and canter. And when you come to study the origin and development of the American saddle horse, you will be astonished, as I have been in going to Ken- tucky and studying pedigrees of horses in the leading breeding establish- ments, to find what a strong infusion there is there of Morgan blood; and you will find it also in the strains that have given rise to our best carri- age hor«es. 96 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The work that the government has taken up recently is along two lines: that in Colorado, where the stud has been selected for the purpose of developing the carriage horse type, and that in Vermont, where the horses have been selected combining the largest proportion and the closest adherence to type of the original Morgan, with a view to perpetuating the Morgan blood and type as largely as possible, and to developing from selected horses of the standard-bred trotting lines or infusions of Morgan blood the heavy harness type in the carriage horse. Some twenty or twenty-five years ago a great many imported coach horses came to this country. They received a great deal of favorable at- tention at first, and that importation has continued more or less to the present time. But it is well known that there has been less demand and that they have received less attention in recent years than formerly. It was thought originally that we must look to the imported coach breeds for our carriage horses in America, and a great many of them were brought to this country. Many of them were fine, magnificent animals, and they attracted favorable attention on the part of our farmers and stock breeders. But notwithstanding the large importaron of the coach breeds, year after year it was found in our commercial centers, in our horse markets, and by the people who were dealing in horses, that a very large majority of the best horses coming into our markets and commanding the highest prices and also coming into our leading shows, were from the native American types, and that they in some way, without any intelligent or systematic effort on the part of any one to produce a horse of that class to compete with the foreign breeds, were producing a larger number of high-class horses of the carriage type, or of the coach type, as it is sometimes called, than the imported breeds; and the consensus of opinion is, I think, that a majority of the imported coach breeds crossed with our native stock have not proven satisfactory. There are here and there horses that have been an exception, that have reproduced their type, and that have proven successful; but the great majority of them have been a disappointment. And in spite of the fact that during this time the Amer- ican types were being developed on the one hand for speed in the trotting horses, for the saddle gaits in the saddle horse, and for beauty and utility in the Morgan horse, rather than the modern carriage type in particular, some way we were producing a very large number of good horses, and naturally our people began to study this question with a view of finding out how best and most profitably to produce the kind of horse that meets the modern market demand. There has been a change in the demand of the modern market with reference to the carriage horse. Originally these breeds were called coach horses, and the coach horses that came to this country were larger than those of to-day. They were used for heavier vehicles in foreign countries, and in addition they were used on coaches in the days of coaching. But gradually there has been an evolution toward a smaller type of horse for carriage purposes, just as there has been toward a smaller type of domestic animals along other lines — a smaller and more compact and earlier maturing type; and the demand to-day is not for a horse that stands 16 1/^ or 17 hands high, but the most of the horses that are com- manding the highest prices are standing 16 hands or under, and there are NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 97 more under than even 16 hands high; and v/ith that we have the compact type and the high action. The American carriage horse or the carriage type i.3 very frequently called the heavy harness type, that term being used to distinguish the horse from the light harness type, which is the speed horse or the road- ster. The heavy harness horse does not mean a draft horse; it simply means a carriage horse of the type and conformation that is used on the heavier vehicles and with heavier harness than we use on our road- sters or ordinary driving horses, as we see most of them in this country. That kind of a horse must first of all have beauty of conformation, style and finish; and it must have that high, true action which is essential to a carriage horse or to a high-selling horse for carriage purposes in our city markets and other places where a demand for this class of horses exists. Notwithstanding the fact that the great emphasis was placed upon speed in all this time of the development of our American horses, we were nevertheless producing a large number of horses that were meeting this other requirement; and this has led to a study as to what the native types and blood lines are that will contribute to the production of high-class horses. I have spoken of these three lines, and many of those are similar. In fact, some of the leading horses that we have in Kentucky, where they have produced more horses of that type, perhaps, than in any other state, are registered in all three of these stud books. So there has been an intermingling of that blood to a large extent, and notwithstanding the fact that the Morgan horse has been largely disappearing, as we have thought, it is found that very many of our best horses to-day have a large infusion of that Morgan blood. I had hoped to have a number of views of the horses that are used in the government work, but for some reason the photographs have failed to reach me. I have here a photograph of the horse Carmen, which is at the head of the government stud. This horse is a standard-bred, and yet when you come to analyze his pedigree you will find a strong infusion of Morgan blood in it. This is at the head of the government stud in the breeding operations in Fort Collins. It weighs about 1,145 and stands 16 hands. Here is a photograph of the horse called Red Cloud, which was Carmen's mate in the four that Mr, Lawson showed. Red Cloud was a horse that in his show days held a record that was rarely equalled. He is consid- ered by many of our competent judges to be as good a heavy harness horse as ever appeared in our American show rings. These two horses were shown together as the wheelers in that famous four that were ex- hibited by Mr. Lawson. This horse Red Cloud, now 21 or 22 years old, is doing stud, service in Kentucky. He was sold last year, I believe, at $2,500, when past twenty years of age. He made one season in Iowa, and while he was not largely patronized, he left some very nice colts. It is a little strange that until the government took up this work with this famous four that were in that team — all of the stallions, none of them had been used to speak of for breeding purposes. I have here a picture of the horse called Whirling Cloud. That was one of the leaders in that famous four. This horse stands about 15-2 and 98 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE weighs about 1,100. He is now 16 years old. We secured the use of him last spring, and he made the past season at Ames. While he has passed his show form, he is a horse that has that beauty of finish and that style and that way of going which you see illustrated in this picture. He is shown here in heavy harness and in action, and without any training or feeding, and \\ithout any special showing, this horse could be taken out and hitched any day and show you that kind of action. When we came to analyze the pedigree of this horse we found there two crosses running to the Morgan blood, and we find in the individual conformation and makeup of this animal the marks of the Morgan blood to a large degree. One of the things essential to a horse of the carriage type, in addition to those that I have mentioned, is that he must have finish of head and neck. We have found in going to Kentucky and studying the horse- breeding operations there that the leading sires that they are depending upon to produce their high-class horses, in addition to having conforma- tion, style and action, and this high and true lower groin, must have long necks with clean-cut throats, and the men who are dealing in horses and putting them on the market put great emphasis upon that. It is out of the question to expect a short, thick-necked horse to ever meet these re- quirements. A horse to have this finish, style, action, a high way of going, and the endurance and the power of lung and staying quality, must have the long, clean-cut, breedy-looking head and neck. I think that is a feature very frequently overlooked. There is a difference in the type of horse required to meet the heavy harness demands and the type of horse required for speed, necessarily; and yet very many strains of horses that have been prominent in developing the highest speed have, when trained and fitted for carriage purposes, developed a high degree of excellence there. I saw recently a horse now owned in Chicago and being shown there this week, son of a son sired by Hambletonian X, and the only grandson living that I know of. He is a horse with good speed record, and one of the best judges I know of told me that he is the only horse ever seen in the west good enough to go into Madison Square Garden and defeat Forest King. That is the horse that has given rise to the speed lines of our American-bred horses, and yet he has that beauty of finish and style and way of going that is essential to the carriage horse of America. Of course the practical phase of this question that interests many of you is, can we produce that kind of horses in America, and will it pay? The speed business is a business by itself, and the farmer as a rule is not fitted to producing that kind of horses. The producing of heavy harness or carriage horses is quite distinct from that, and it is not necessary to go into the speed phase. We have all over this country a great many horses of good type for producing heavy carriage horses, and we have, moreover, a large number of mares on the farms of Iowa and other states that are suited to mate with that kind of horses. They blend and mate with them better, as a rule, than with the imported coach breeds; and the market and show records will amply justify the statement that a much larger percentage of good horses has been produced in that way than by NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 99 mating them with the imported coach breeds. We haven't given much consideration to anything but speed, and it is surprising how many of the farmers in this and other states have been breeding horses with the ex- pectation of producing a record-breaker in speed, and have lost sight of the essential characteristics of utility and finish and beauty. While it may be justifiable to sacrifice these points if we succeed in getting speed, and if we are breeding for speed and nothing else, the great majority of the horses of American blood that are being produced to-day are not in the speed class; and if we will take the breeding of some of these horses that are not considered high-priced from the standard of speed produc- tion, they will constitute our most valuable horses. While these horses illustrated here are trotting-bred and have no doubt a liberal amount of speed, none of them have raised records or have extreme speed; but they have those other qualities that are more desirable for this purpose than extreme speed. The heavy harness horse is not required to have ex- treme speed, but he must have good road gait. So if the breeding for speed we will give some attention to these qualities that are essential to the high-class harness horse, and that the market is putting emphasis upon to-day more than ever before and is willing to pay higher prices for, I believe we will find it exceedingly profitable; and in addition to that I believe we will be doing a great service to the American farmer and agri- culturist, and to the horse users of the world, in developing what we have here in our native stock into high-class horse. We have been accustomed to look too much to the foreign breeders for our domestic animals. We occasionally hear some words of criticism concerning the government going into this breeding work. Sometimes you will hear the criticism that it is going to cost too much; that it takes a long time to do this work. Do you know that the government spends more in the construction of a single battleship than this horse-producing work is likely to cost in a quarter of a century? And the navy depart- ment fires in fifteen minutes more value in ammunition than the govern- ment is putting into this horse-breeding work in years. I think the American government and the American breeder, uniting together, can develop these strains until we can produce some of the most superior type of horses that have ever been produced in the world. And there is the same reason for improving other breeds of animals, and when we take up that work we are going to bring about types of animals that will be peculiarly suited to American conditions and will meet the demands as well or better than those produced in foreign countries. The work may not all be succeessful; it may not all terminate as we anticipate; it may take a longer time than vre anticipate. It is not an easy matter to fix types. We have fixed three distinct types of American horses already, and they have furnished excellent horses, and they will be improved from year to year. At the great International show and our great State Fairs each year we find the animals coming out in better form and with a higher degree of excellence; and so it will be with our horses that we take up in this way. If some of these endeavors are failures, and we do nothing but prove the negative and the inadvisability of doing some things, it will probably be worth as much as a positive result. So I think the work that the government has inaugurated is along right lines; and while it may 100 iOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE take longer to bring about results than we would like, and longer tban we anticipate, the result is bound to be, regardless of the government experi- ments, that we are going to develop in America American breeds and American types for the American market and the American demand. Question : Do we understand you to declare that the American standard-bred horse of 1100 or 1150 pounds weight is America's typical heavy harness horse ? Is not a little more weight desirable ? Prof. Curtiss: No, I don't think so. As a rule, the demand does not call for a horse weighing over 1150 to 1200 pounds. Occa- sionally there will be a demand for a pair of horses a little larger than that — up to 16% hands and weighing 1250 or possibly 1300; but that is very rare indeed. But there is one feature about the kind of horse that I have shown here, 15-3 hands high and weighing 1150 pounds : he looks big when in action. The horse that develops speed must be built along different lines. He will go on a low, straight line, in accordance with the maxim that the shortest dis- tance between two points is a straight line. This horse is not developed for speed; if he had been he would not have gone that way at all. Probably he never would have gone fast enough in a speed ring to bring much money, but he went high enough in show form to win a great deal of money. So the purposes are essentially different, and yet they may be combined to a considerable degree. This horse was trained to go high, and that is the kind of action you want in a heavy harness horse. It is not required that a horse of that kind shall go extremely fast, and yet they ought to be able to strike at least a four-minute gait, and it is better if they can strike a three-minute gait. I have driven that horse a great deal this summer, and he will go out without any rein on and look just that way. Question: We occasionally see the light harness horse: what should that be? Prop. Curtiss : A light harness horse is one of two things: a trotter or a roadster. A roadster is a horse of the speed type, but of nicer finish than the horse that is fitted for the speed ring. It is seen in our trotting-bred animals that are not developed for extreme speed, or posibly haven't it. They are driven to a lighter buggy and with a light harness. The heavy harness horse must necessarily be thicker and blockier. The blood lines may be the same, although they will select for a roadster a horse that has a better sprung rib and a broad hip and quarter. This type comes from the English type of Hackney. The Hackney has largely fixed the type for this NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 101 kind of horse, and these horses have been obliged to go into the ring and compete with the Hackney, and naturally they have taken on more of that type. Question: Is there any Hackney blood in these winners at the large shows? Prof. Curtiss : No, it may be said that there is not one drop of Hackney blood in any of them ; but it is also said that these horses have gone abroad and been registered as Hackneys in one or two instances in England. The President : The next number on our program is an address by Dr. D. E. Boughman, Assistant State Veterinarian of Fort Dodge, on ''Hog Cholera and the Serum Treatment." HOG CHOLERA AND THE SERUM TREATMENT. D. E. BOUGHMAN, FORT DODGE, IOWA. Mr. President and Members of the Association: It affords me great pleasure to have the opportunity to address this association on a subject of so vital importance to the stock growers of this state. Hog cholera is a disease as most of you know which causes a greater loss to the farmer than all other diseases combined. Dr. Salman esti- mates that our annual loss from hog cholera in the United States is ten million dollars. As Iowa is by far the greatest hog raising state in the union it would be readily seen that our losses are enormous. If this dis- ease can be stamped out in this state, as I firmly believe it can, it will save millions of dollars to our farmers. It is a heavy loss as w^ell as a disappointment for a farmer to raise a bunch of high grade or pure bred hogs, to watch them grow and feed them high-priced corn in antici- pation of receiving a goodly sum, possibly to pay a note or a mortgage on his farm; then to wake up some morning and on going to his hog pen to find some of them refuse to eat and with positive evidence of hog cholera in his herd, and almost as positive assurance that he can only expenct to save a small per cent of his drove. Through the efforts of the experimental work which has been carried on for a number -of years by the Bureau of Animal Industry in this state and at Washington, we are now able to produce a- serum that will im- munize our hogs against this dreaded disease. The process has been pa- tented by this department of the bureau in such a manner that it insures its free use and manufacture to all people of the United States. In a report made by Dr. A. D. Melvin, chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry at the American Veterinary Medical Association, September 10, 1908, he says it is a well known fact, that hogs which recover from an at- tack of hog cholera are completely immuned w^hen subsequently exposed 102 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE to the same disease. These two facts; the presence of the filtered virus in the blood of hogs sick of hog cholera and the immunity in hogs which have recovered from an attack of the disease form a basis for the prepara- tion of the serum which we have used successfully in immunizing hogs againsL hog cholera. He says that the protective serum is produced by a process of Hyper- immunization carried out as follows: An immune hog is injected with large amount of blood from hogs sick of hog cholera. This injection will not produce more than a transitory effect upon the health of the immune although they would prove certainly fatal to a susceptible hog. This treatment of immune hogs with large amount of disease producing blood is known as hyper-immunization and gives to the blood of the immune the power to protect susceptible hogs from hog cholera. In about a v.-eek or so after the immune has recovered from the effect of this treatment, blood is drawn from the immune by cutting off the tail. The blood drawing is repeated three or four times at intervals of a week between drawings, after which the immune is usually bled to death from the carotid. After each drawing from the immune the blood obtained is defribri- nated and mixed with a suitable antiseptic. If preserved in sterile bot- tles this defribrinated blood, or serum as it is called, will retain its potency indefinitely. The protective serum having been obtained from an immune hog in the manner indicated, the potency of this serum is determined by injecting susceptible hogs with varying amounts of this serum and at the same time exposing them to hog cholera along with untreated or controlled animals. In practice it will, of course, be found best to first collect large quantities of serum and to mix this before test- ing. A standard serum will thus be secured at a minimum cost. This serum having been secured, either of two methods may be used for pro- tecting susceptible hogs. These are known as (A), the serum simultan- eous method, and (B), serum alone me. nod. The first of these, which is to be recommended for use especially in herds which have not been exposed to hog cholera, consists in injecting subcutaneously on one side of the body of the hog lo be vaccinated, a suitable quantity of serum and simultaneously on the other side of the body a small quantity of virolent blood taken from a hog sick of hog cholera. Experience has shown that by this method hogs are given a firm im- munity lasting at least six months and probably much longer. The serum alone method, which consists simply of the injection of the protective serum without the simultaneous use of disease producing blood, appears to confer only a temporary immunity upon the treated hogs, un- less they be exposed to hog cholera a short time after receiving the serum. In which case they also acquire a lasting immunity. For these reasons, the serum alone method is admirably adopted to the treatment of hogs in a herd where hog cholera has already broken out, but which have not themselves shown visible symptoms of the disease. It should be stated, that either method when properly applied will not injure the hog in any way. NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 103 In reporting results of practical tests of serum made, he says, "con- cerning protective power of serum from hyper-immunized immunes are based upon tests upon several thousand hogs. These tests were not car- ried out in small experiment pens, but in great part upon practical con- ditions. During the fall of 1907, approximately two thousand hogs were treated on fifty different farms, a considerable portion of untreated hogs being left in all cases as a control on the action of the serum. Both methods of vaccination were used and the herd conditions varied widely. The herds can be roughly classified as (A), those in an infected local- ity but themselves free from disease; (B), those which were known to have been exposed by contact with sick hogs, but which had not developed the disease at the time of treatment, and (C), herds in which hog cholera was present and hogs sick and dying at the time of treatment. In no case were any of the ordinary methods of combatting hog cholera by dis- infections and separation of the sick from the apparently healthy prac- ticed. Where disease was present at the time of treatment, the treated were allowed to run with the sick animals along with a number of un- treated animals, which served as controls; and the success following vaccination can, therefore, be attributed to the action of the serum. In herds where hog cholera appeared supsequent to treatment, all the vacci- nated hogs remained well, while more than 65 per cent of the checks or untreated ones died. In the herds which had been exposed, as in class (C), but were appar- ently well at the time of treatment, four per cent of the treated animals died when approximately 90 per per cent of the checks succumbed. In the herds in class (C), where this disease existed at the time of treatment and where they did not anticipate very great success, 13 per cent of the treated animals were lost where 75 per cent of the checks died. These successful field trials, confirming as they did numerous tests carried out under experimental conditions, have convinced us of the effi- ciency of this method of dealing with hog cholera, and although improve- ments will undoubtedly be made in many other details of producing this* serum, the methord is believed to be now in such condition as to make the practical use of it entirely feasible. While my experiments have been limited with the serum, yet with the good results I have obtained and those reported by the bureau I have every reason to believe of its practicability. At the present time the great drawback to universal use of this serum is the almost prohibitive high price at which it is sold. The price charged by those putting it on the market at the present time is $1.00 per twenty c. c, which would be a dose for a hog weighing from seventy-five to one hundred pounds, or $3.00 for one weighing three hundred pounds. Michigan has begun the preparation of this serum, so I am informed, for the distribution to the farmers of that state at two cents per c. c, or forty cents per dose, which is sufficient for a hog of about one hundred pounds, but they hope to reduce the price materially before another season. Dr. Melvin thinks that if he serum station would be under the control of the state, and with the production carried out with strict economy it could be brought down to twenty-five cents per dose. This statement is 104 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE based upon the supposition that each hyper-immunized immune will fur- nish one hundred fifty to two hundred doses of serum and that the car- casses of the immune after final bleeding will be used for food, which would stand to reason, that the serum station should be located near some packing house center. There seems to be no objection to the use of such carcasses for food purposes, providing the post mortem examination. by a government inspector discloses no reason for rejecting it. The serum station should be under the control of the State Veterinary Department, as it is to the veterinary that the farmer applies when he has sickness in his herd. It is the veterinary who must hold post mortem to positively .diagnose the disease, it is also the veterinarian who ad- ministers the treatment and places the affected herd in quarantine. The expense for the setablishment of such a station would be very small as compared to the loss sustained annually from this disease. A tract of land could be leased for a term of years, rough grazing land could be rented at a nominal sum and would answer the purpose as well as expen- sive land. A building for preparing the serum need not be an elaborate affair. Temporary sheds could be constructed for the housing of hogs in winter time. The field application of serum should be in the hands of the State Vete- rinary Department. The state could be organized into districts, each in charge of an assistant State Veterinarian who should have a supply of serum on hand so that prompt action may be taken v/hen an infection appears. Upon notification to the State Veterinarian that hog cholera has ap- peared in a certain locality the diseased herd or herds should be immed- iately quarantined and all hogs on the farm which have been exposed or which are not visibly ill should be treated with serum alone. All hogs on the farm which have not been exposed should be treated by the serum simultaneous method, and of course the prompt removal of dead animals should be enforced, at the same time all the hogs on surrounding farms should be treated by the serum simultaneous method.. After the establishment of a serum station by the state, it could in a short time be made self-sustaining by selling the serum to the farmers at actual cost of production and the farmers could vaccinate their ho^s when they are from two weeks to eight weeks old, they could do it at a very small expense. A pig weighing twenty-five pounds only requires about 5 c. c, at the price that Michigan is selling it to its farmers it would only cost ten cents per hog. It appears to me that if this corn belt meat producing association would ask for an appropriation of sufficient sum to establish a hog cholera sta- tion, it could not be turned down by that body. Question : What is the difference between swine plague and hog cholera 1 Dr. Boughman: There is a difference of opinion as to whether there is a distinction or not. There was a time when they thought they had found the specific germs for each disease. Dr. Niles tells me that this serum will act as well on one as on the other. NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 105 Question : What is the cause of hog cholera ? Dr. Bougiiman: It is some specific agent, but at the present time they don't know what it is. Question: Don't hogs have any other disease but hog cholera? Dr. Boughman: Yes, hogs have other diseases, but the disease on which the government has been experimenting the most, and for which they have found a treatment or preventive, is swine plague or hog choelra. It is commonly considered contagious, but it is infec- tious and possibly not contagious, because it is a fact that a man's hogs on the other side of the fence from where they are dying do not take the disease The active agent must be carried from one animal to another ; it is not an agent that flies in the air. I do not think we have very many diseases outside of hog cholera that are very destructive . Question: I wish you would give us the diagnosis and the ap- pearance of the animal that is taken with hog cholera, and also of the disease know^n as swine plague, together with the other diseases that attack the hog on the farm. Dr. Boughman: In an outbreak of hog cholera you will find a difference in its expression. • Some hogs have lung trouble; others ulcer of the intestines; others have the ears affected, or will be red all over the body. Question : Isn 't there a peculiar odor ? Dr. Boughman : Any sick hog has a peculiar odor that is char- acteristic to the hog and not of the disease, I think. Question: After a hog dies from any cause I very often open and examine it. AVhat organs should I examine for hog cholera or swine plague ? Dr. Boughman: You should look at all the organs. You may find just an affection of the lungs, or an ulceration of the intestines, or both ; but the place to look is in the lungs, the intestines and the kidneys. In regard to. the lesions that we find in hog cholera after a hog is dead, I think the government inspector, Dr. Chester Miller, who is here, can give us some idea on that. Dr. Miller : There is no definite, very plain symptom, except the way the hog acts. With us at the yards, we may see a bunch of hogs come in of which some will lag behind a little. If on following them into the pens they go to eating or drinking, and then go over 106 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE to one side and lie down, with perhaps a little difficiilty in breath- ing (some of them will vomit very readily on drinking water; they will do that without cholera, hoAvever) , we come to the conclu- sion that nine times out of ten those hogs have cholera. If you want to know the post'mortem on a hog, one of the most prominent symptoms you will find is that the lungs are very badly congested. One lobe or perhaps the entire lungs may be more or less solidified, and dark. That is usually in the acute stage, and possibly the latest stage. The lymphatic glands are invariably black, I care not how recent may have been the affection or how little the hog may seem to be sick. If you wall cut do^Yn through the spine to the bones j^ou will invariably find them black. Then you will find in the intestines an area that is black. It may be local or pretty well diffused through the whole bowels, but usually is confined to a small area. In addition to that you will find the spleen enlarged and very much darker than usual. Those are prob- ably the symptoms that will appeal to the average farmer, who is probably not an expert in pathological conditions. Nine times out of ten, if you have a hog die suddenly and notice a few more sick, you have cholera, and the sooner you make a sep- aration the better. The convention thereupon adjourned to 1:30 P. M. AFTERNOON SESSION. President A. Sykes of the Corn Belt IMeat Producers' Associa- tion presiding. The President : We will open the program this afternoon with an address by Dr. M. P. Ravenel of Madison, Wis., on Bovine Tuberculosis. BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. M. P. RAVENEL, MADISON, WIS. Mr. President and Members of the Corn Belt Meat Producers Association: This question of bovine tuberculosis is one which is agitating the whole world at the present time. I could spend a longer time than any of you would want to listen in talking on this question from either one of two standpoints, both of which I will try to touch on a little. The first one is: Is it going to pay the farmer as a farmer to raise healthy cattle? Is bovine tuberculosis a curse to the farmer or a thing that he wants to coddle and help along and keep amongst his cattle? NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 107 Second: What relation has bovine tuberculosis to human health, and is there any reason whatever for us to tackle t-his problem from the stand- point of public health of our nation? From the farmer's standpoint let me say that tuberculosis is an eco- nomic scourge. Whether you think it is right or wrong, it is an actual fact that many of the cities throughout the United States are passing laws requiring that milk, butter, cheese and products of cattle sold in those states shall come from tuberculosis-free herds. I believe it will take a long time to upset these ideas. Before long the farmer who has tubercu- losis in his herd is not going to market his product at all, or if he does, he will not be able to market them profitably. There is one little sidelight on that, and probably some of you gentle- men know a good deal more from this standpoint than I do. The packers in our country estimate that they lose $3,000,000 a year through tuber- culous cattle, counting hogs as cattle. How long are they going to stand for that? Some of them are kicking already. Some of them use this argument: "We have to deduct from our profits our losses when we buy tuberculosis cattle which our government condemns. If we could be sure that when we buy a hundred head of cattle, every one is going to be mar- ketable and can pass our Federal examination, we could pay the farmer a better price. ' Some of you may think the packers are a pretty tough lot and that they will squeeze you anyhow, but so true is this that the packers themselves are working for uniform laws in the different states of the upper Mississippi valley, so that each state will handle this tubercu- losis problem in the same way. Some of our states have laws prohibiting the importation of tuberculous cattle. We have such a law in the State of Wisconsin, and we have some of the best breeders of fine cattle there that can be found in the United States. Before tnose men can sell an animal to go to any other part of of the state they must show us that it has been tuberculosis-tested and is an absolutely healthy animal. If you buy an animal that proves to have tuberculosis, the sale is off and you are not obliged to pay one cent for it. It is a common-sense rule; a man has no right to sell me a diseased animal. There is another point of view. I believe I am right in saying that the creamery'method of handling milk is" increasing'^ it "at^the^present "time. Mr. A. has a perfectly healthy herd of cows; Mr. B. also has a healthy herd; Mr. C. has two or three sick cows. They all send their milk to the same creamery. They get back their skim milk and feed it to their cattle. What is the result? By-and-by they all have tuberculous cattle. One man who doesn't believe in the tuberculin test or that tubeculosis is a danger- ous disease can infect his neighbor's cattle. If I had my lantern slides I could show you where two creameries spread tuberculosis to twenty or thirty farms. Iowa is a hog-raising state. You know that tuberculosis is increasing among swine tremendously, not only in the United States, but in every country in the world. It is nearly three times as prevalent among hogs at the present day as it is among cattle. Swine get it from these skim milk products, and also from following tuberculous cattle and eating their droppings. In Wisconsin there is a man named Jones who makes sau- 108 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE sage. He has been watching this matter very carefully year after year, and every year the percentage of the number of hogs that he has to reject on account of their having tuberculosis increases. Last year it was something astonishing. Where is this loss going to come eventually? On the farmer. The packers w^ill tell you it comes on the farmer to-day, because they could pay a better price if all of the stock they buy would pass the government inspection. How are you to detect tuberculosis in a herd? There is one certain and sure way, and that is by the tuberculin test. The consensus of opinion is that if properly applied, it is almost absolute. I have statistics from the government showing that of 23,869 animals which responded to the tuberculin test, 23,585 showed tuberculosis when slaughtered. That is a percentage of 98.8. I may go further and express my belief that practi- cally 100 per cent have tuberculosis, and I will give you one instance to demonstrate that. At the University of Wisconsin we slaughtered one animal last spring that showed no lesions when we examined it. We took the liver and other organs and examined them under the microscope, and the liver was absolutely full of these little tubercles. One fault that is found with the tuberculin test it that it is too deli- cate; it shows very small lesions. A tuberculosis nodule as big as a hickory nut will sometimes give as strong a reaction as the animal that has gone too far; and when an animal has gone too far, it will not respond to the tuberculin test. A very few simple rules must be observed in giving the tuberculin test. The cattle must be kept quiet. You must not take a bunch of cattle directly off the railroad train and test them. You must not drive them from one farm to another and test them that same night. You must take their temperatures carefully and not give them cold water while you are testing them. And you must get good tuberculin. W^hen you clean out your herd, what are you to do? Be perfectly sure that your stable is clean. We have taken scrapings from the mangers of stables where tuberculous cattle were kept which were simply loaded with these germs. The cow, exactly like the man, gets rid of a number of these germs in its saliva, and it sticks in the corners of the manger. In putting in new cattle you must be careful not to buy a cow which is tuberculous, because if you do you will spread the disease. Your cow may look well, but I have a lantern slide of an animal which took the first prize at Chicago that was simply riddled with tuberculosis. What is the explanation? Simply that a cow, like a man, if well fed and taken care of, is not going to lose flesh very rapidly with this disease. The disease may go all through the organs of the animal before it begins to lose flesh and get sick. I have seen men at a hospital the same way. So after cleaning out your herd and your stable, be sure to put in only healthy cattle, because one tuberculous cow will spread the disease down the rows of stalls, from the habit cows have of licking each others' noses. I will stake my reputation, and any other man who has studied the ques- tion will, that if you do that, and don't use factory skim milk or allow tuberculosis to get in, you will have a healthy herd until the crack of doom, because tuberculosis never starts of itself. You can have a cow weakly and ready for tuberculosis, but you will never get tubeculosis NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 109 until pou put the seed there. It is absolutely in our hands to clean up a herd and keep it clean, and the man that doesn't do it is either careless or ignorant. I think it is going to pay you from a purely practical standpoint to do this. I have a few figures here to show you what the condemnation means. Up to June 30, 1908, the United States government had inspected 58,973,000 cattle, and had condemned about one per cent on account of tuberculosis. The economic loss to the farmer on these equals $2,882,000; and on the uninspected cattle it was $4,102,000. That is certainly worth saving. I could go further and give you theoretical figures which are no doubt true, regarding the depreciation on farms and loss of milk and breeding values. What can we say about the danger of tuberculous cattle to mankind? I have no doubt some of you will get up here and try to hammer me on what Professor Koch has said, and 1 want to give you a clear history of what he has said and what right he has to express an opinion. Professor Koch astounded the world in 1901 in London jy saying: "I therefore consider the two diseases (human and cattle tuberculosis) as being different. Human tuberculosis cannot be transmitted to cattle, and if the converse is true, it is so extremely rare that I consider measures against such transmission of no avail." In other words, "Go ahead and drink milk; there is no danger in it." You know that following that the German government appointed an Imperial commission, which was di- rected and governed by twenty-five of the leading professors in Germany, including Koch himself, to investigate this subject, and the work was done in Berlin. They have reported quite fully. They have found out of all the cases they examined that ten per cent were due to cattle tuberculosis, although they moved heaven and earth to sustain Koch. The English ap- pointed a royal commission at the same time, and the reports show that England is w^orse than Germany in this respect. The increase is ac- counted for by the fact that the laws in England are much more lax than in Germany. They find that 23 per cent of all the cases they examined are due to bovine tuberculosis; and if you limit those cases to those show- ing some Intestinal trouble, they find that 48 per cent are due to the bovine germ. What is Prof. Koch's standpoint at the present time? As you all know, he was in Washington the other day at the meeting of the Anti-Tubercu- losis Congress, and read a paper on this same question. Almost all th^ newspapers distorted what he said, and I presume the impression in this meeting is that Koch maintained his stand in London in 1901. These are almost the words he said: "I therefore consider that in the suppression of tuberculosis we must primarily direct our efforts against the human disease." Nobody else on God's green earth, except Von Behring of Ger- many, has ever had any other idea. While we recognize that cattle tuber- culosis is a great danger to human life, human t iberculosis is a greater. Just what the proportion of the two is I can't tell you. The English sta- tistics would apparently show that two thirds of the cases come from human sources and one-third from cattle sources. In our country, where our cattle are more healthy, the figures are different. I have never tried to guess at figures, but in children I believe the figures show that upward 110 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE of 25 per cent of the cases are due to the cattle germ. In Washington the other day Dr. made the statement in Koch's presence that of the cases of tuberculosis of the glands of the neck one-half are due to the cattle germ. Some of you will say: "Koch is the man that discovered the tubercle bacillus, and he ought to be listened to." I agree with you; but is he the only rhan? In spite of his discovery he worked twelve years without finding any difference between the human and bovine germs, and he worked nineteen years without finding out that the cattle germ could be trans- mitted to mankind; and he was not the man who taught us the best method of growing the germ which is used in Germany to-day. Who are the men who hold contra views to him? The w^hole scientific world. He has not one single backer that I know of. Do not understand me as trying to belittle Professor Koch's great work and discoveries, but I think it is a mistake to say that he is the only man entitled to any opinion on this subject. I have in my pocket at this moment a record of a family of nine people of whom eight died with tuberculosis, with no family history whatever. The only member of the family who escaped did not drink milk, all the others being great milk drinkers. In another family in the same block four died of tuberculosis, drinking the same milk. I don't give you that as absolute proof, because the germ was not isolated and proved to be bovine. But it won't be long, I believe, before no farmer can sell any dairy product in any city of the United States unless he can show that it comes from clean herds, and I don't think I can give you any stronger argument for getting clean herds and keeping them clean than I have given. Question : Wliat is the best way to disinfect stables ? Dr. Ravenel: Light will kill every germ known. Direct light kills them in from one minute to one hour, but even diffused light will clean out any stable in 36 to 48 hours. I would say, have light, clean stables, with plenty of fresh air. Use a strongly alkaline soap and thoroughly scour. The best disinfectant for general use is what we call milk of lime. Get lime and water-slack it — about 60 parts of water to 100 of lime; and then take one part of that to four parts of water. If you have any rotten wood, clean it out and put in fresh bedding. Put in cement floors if you can. Leave your stable vacant for eight or ten days. Formaldehyde is the best dis- infectant, but it is not possible to use it in the average stables very efficiently. The next on the program was an address by Dr. P. 0. Koto, State Veterinarian, on "Bovine Tuberculosis." The subject matter of this address will be found in full in part IX, Extracts from State Veterinarian's Report. NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 111 The President: Hon. H. E. Deemor of Red Oak will now ad- dress the convention on the subject, ''Country Life vs. City Life." COUNTRY LIFE VS. CITY LIFE. H. E. DEEMEK, EED OAK, IOWA. Mr. President, Gentlemen of the Association (or 'perhaps I had letter put it in the plural, and say Associations) : A personal foreword may not be inappropriate; indeed, it may be well to explain my presence before this distinguished body of agriculturists. In the first place, I will say that men in my profession are always looking for precedents, and I believe I have one which I may follow to-day. One of my most distinguished predecessors always attended these agricultural meetings, and was for a time the President of the State Agricultural So- ciety of Iowa. I mean the late lamented George G. Wright, at one time United States Senator, and after that Chief Justice. Again, I feel that any man who as a boy followed the down row when the temperature was lower than it is to-day and the snow deeper, and went out and warmed his bare feet where the cow laid the night before, is entitled to speak to almost any farmers' organization. In the next place, I claim the distinguished honor of being one of the oldest agriculturists here. You know there is a difference between a farmer and an agriculturist. I am going to try to place myself on both feet. Twenty-six years ago I came as a delegate to the State Agricultural Society at Des Moines. We met in Moore's opera house, as I remember it, and I see but one face here that was there then. I do remember Uncle Henry Wallace and Judge Wright and a few of that type of men. At that time, if I mistake not, I had the honor of nomi- nating for a member of that board who afterwards became one of its best Presidents— Mr. John Hayes of Red Oak. And then latterly I have had some little connection with short courses in this state. So that I feel that I can speak to you as agriculturists as well as farmers. Living neither in a large city nor on a farm, but on the outskirts, and as far away from the court-house as I can get in a good county seat in Iowa, I feel that I can discuss this question which you have submitted to me from an unprejudiced standpoint. Of course this subject, "Country Life vs. City Life" — from the business and social points of view, assumes that there is an issue — a difference and a distinction, and of course there is, because, as you all know and have heard many times, there is a dif- ference in the Creator. Man created the city and God created the coun- try. But when we come to look right down into the heart of hearts of mankind and open the windows to the soul, we find that after all, hu- manity is the same the world over. But there is a manifest distinction between city life and country life. There are differences due to the fact that men have different capacities and different adaptations. The same thing is not a pleasure to all men and all women, and it is because of this fact that so many mistakes are made. Many men who ought to be on the farm are in the city, and some men who ought to be in the cities are on the farm. But unfortunately the drift in this country for 112 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE years has been toward the city, and I hope you will not forget, here in this great valley, that our wealth is in our lands, and here is the granary of the world, and somebody must scientifically cultivate this land and get the most out of, because God put us here for that purpose. There is a glare and glamour and a glittering about city life. It is supposed to be the business and the social standing, but we all know what dan- ger there is in fire and how many wings are clipped by the light of the candle. And so the Great White Way that they talk about in the cities is full of peril and danger which you never find out on the good old highway. While the city is the center of business, you all know that but ten per cent of the men who engage in business make a success; ninety per cent make a failure in a business career. But there are some things in the city business life that the farmer must learn. Business prin- ciples are same in every relation of life, and system is what has made the business man a success in the city. System means the stoppage of waste, and so the farrher must, if he succeeds, have better business methods upon the farm. I remember that Philip Armour one time on the witness stand, when questioned regarding his profits, said, "Gentle- men, if you will simply give me clear the tongues of the animals I kill, it is all I care for by way of profit." And John D. Rockefeller used to say (before his recent cross-examination), when asked how he made his money, that he made it out of the by-products of his business — the stuff that used to go to waste. And so it is system that has pre- vailed in the industrial life of this nation. Even the professional men have adopted it. If, unfortunately, you drifted into a doctor's office, you have gone onto a card, which the doctor keeps in his card-case until you go down to the last half acre, when it is taken out and torn up. And if you go into a dentist's office, your teeth are numbered and put on cards. And if you drop into a lawj^er's office you get onto a card. And they tell me this last campaign was run on the card sys- tem! One thing which I wash to emphasize in contrasting city with country life from the business point of view is that what is needed now on the farm is some means of stopping the tremendous waste that is occurring there. You want to adopt the card system and take reckon- ings now and then, to see whether this particular branch of your busi- ness is paying, and if not, find out why. INIost men fail in business be- cause there is a waste that they can't stop. W^hen we come to the social life of the city, it is all supposed to be there. But don't you know that there is really more caste, more classes, more snobbery, right here in America in some of our great cities than there is on the continent? You don't find social democracy in the large city today. Where do you find it? Out on the broad acres; there are no such classes there. And what of the social life in the city, full of con- ventionalities? The heart is all taken out of it. And what do these peo- ple do? Why, they hark back to the farm, and the first thing you hear about is a "Country Club." There is^ that beauty of scene that reminds many of them of the old days which I spoke about a little bit ago, when they went barefoot — that scene which is more beautiful than any of their pictures, no matter how expensive they may be. A man never came NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 113 close to the soil but what he harked back to it at some time. The strength of England today is due to the fact that London is simply the gathering- place for the English gentry. When business is over they go to their country-places; they really live out on the farm. And you are going to see in this country some day a going back to the old preserve, just as they have done in England for centuries. Where do the artists go to paint? Not down on the Bowery or on Broadway or on Fifth Avenue. They take their palette and their colors and go out into tne country for some nice landscape. And then the man wno is poetic doesn't sing of sky-scrapers and that sort of thing, but with Bryant and Burns he sings of Nature and her glories. And so in this social life in the city, when you see the better part of it, they are, as I say, harking back to the farm, whence the most successful ones of them originally came There are advantages, of course, in the city — many social advantages which cannot be had upon the farm. And here we get a lesson that I hope this country life is going to take up, and that is that we have al- lowed social affairs in the country to degenerate. We have no such social gatherings as we used to have in my boyhood days. We are having a revival of them in some places. We are trying to establish the old de- bating club— and I saw evidence of it here a few minutes ago — and the old spelling bee. There ought to be a place in every township where they could get together in a social way and have either the old husking bee, spelling bee, or things of that sort. There is where, as I said be- fore, you will find true democracy. You will find there is no caste there; you will find very few classes among the farmers. Of course, I know the telephone and rural mail delivery have made many changes, but man is a gregarious being and he needs and demands social relations with his neighbor, and he ought to have them; and you men, when you come to revise the public school system, ought to see that there is a central school, not only for school purposes, but for social gatherings as well. And then don't forget to have a church too; it is a great social institution and should be sustained if there were nothing else in it than that feature. I want to refer just a little to this matter that the President has taken up; I am glad he has. It is not enough to say that there are other things that he should have taken up in its stead. I really think that probably the slums of the cities demand more attention than life on the farm; but life on the farm demands attention, and I am very glad the President has taken it up, and that our own Henry Wallace is one of the members of that commission. Somebody said the other day that the trouble on the farm resulted from three things: first, we must have better farmers; second, we must have better business methods; third, vre must have better living (when speaking of the farm life.) I want to refer just a few^ minutes to these items hastily. A distinguished man in this state once said that no man could raise and sell corn at 20 cents a bushel at a profit, and people laughed at him; but I want to say that I don't believe any man can do it on land that costs $150 an acre — that is, unless he increases the yeild per acre. 8 114 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE That is a very practical businss question that to my mind is facing the farmers of this great state of Iowa. Down in my country they are getting $175 an acre for some of the land, and this thought has often occurred to me: Suppose corn ever does get down to 25 or 30 cents a bushel again, how many bushels an acre will we have to raise on an average to keep that land up to that price? That is a good, sensible, business question, isn't it? And then I think of the tremendous waste on the farm. But you say the farmers get along, and none of them fail, while 90% of the busi- ness men do; there is no occasion for w^orrying. But you are getting this land up where you have got to grow something off of it or it is going to come down, and that means a loss to you. There is no reason why the farmer should not be the most successful man we have. He has made more money than anybody else in the last ten years — that is, the farmer that has been up to snuff and attended to business. Of course he can always make a living, because he can dig it out of the soil; but no man ought to be content with making a living, and I think we are beginning to realize as never before that we are trustees of this soil and that we have a duty to posterity with reference to it. We are just reaching that point where we see the necessity not only of conversion, but of conservation. There have been great reforms going on all over this country in all sorts of business and all sorts of life during the last four or five or six years, and v/e are glad to see this great moral awaken- ing. With it of necessity comes this idea of our responsibility, and that responsibility has brought up this thought now of conservation of what we have. And so it is not only your duty to make a living off your land, but to hand it down to posterity (your heirs, if the lawyers don't get it) in such a condition that they can make a living off of it. I heard the distinguished secretary of agriculture say out on the fair- grounds during the last siate fair that there was as much nutriment and sustenance in a ton of corn stalks as in a ton of timothy hay. And yet I have sat on my porch and seen beacon lights all around the horizon every spring where men were burning up that precious corn stalk! You never go out into the country but what you are amazed at the waste that is going on constantly. How many of you straighten out your strings? How many of you take out the weeds from the fence corners? How many of you plow up close to the edge of your land? How many take care of the highway as you should? You are not the only law-breakers; many of us do the same thing; but nevertheless, if you stop to think of it, there is more waste on the farm today than in any other sort of business that men are engaged in. There is a way of overcoming all this, and I think it is a duty that a man owes to himself and his family and posterity to do it, I know when I tried my farming experiment we used to feel pretty well if we got 15 or 20 bushels of corn to the acre on the average, and now, with the modern methods of scientific farming, there is no excuse for a man not getting 70 bushels per acre off the good corn land of this state. Some day he is going to do it, and that will be when the boys are kept on the farm and made to feel that it is just as much of a science to farm as it is to go into the city and practice dentistry. NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 115 People are getting new views and new light on this great question of better farming. I wish that I might have the time to tell you what has been done with the lands in Holland and Denmark. You all know how their lands have increased in value because of the revenue from them justified it — up to $400 per acre. What are they doing? They have ex- perts out finding what the market demands, and then they grow the best that can be produced in those lines. Prices, of course, are the highest. Heven't we been extravagant and wasteful and prodigal in this country? Some of you used to live in New York State or Pennsyl- vania or New England. You can go down there and buy farms today for from $10 to $20 an acre. I saw advertised in one list 150 acres in central New York, with an eight-room house and two big barns, for $1,500. Why is it? Because the men down there have been absolutely wasteful. They have had to buy a place to put fertilizer on; that is about all it amounts to. I did see, however, that some of them have estab- lished sanatariums for taking care of cats! I have been amazed at the lack of attention that has been given by the farmer to the school problem and the educational problem. Prob- ably the largest percentage of his tax goes for school purposes, and yet how many have paid any attention to it except simply to see that their daughter or their neighbor's daughter got a place to teach in the country school. There is to much of that. There has been too little of educa- tion that has been of any practical good to the boy and girl that have grown up on the farm. If the boy does have any ambition to succeed, they send him down to the high school, and the high school teacher says: "Here is a pretty good candidate for the ministry;" or, "he will make a pretty good lawyer or doctor." The fact is that that boy ought to go right back to the farm, and he will make a success if he goes there; whereas these teachers that are trying to train him will make him an utter failure in life. You are entitled, paying the taxes that you do, to a schooling for your children that will fit them for life. Education should be vocational as well as cultural, and if the boys and girls once get interested in the vocational education you know what they do; they quit school as soon as they get to the eighth grade, and that is the last of their education, except as they go out and get it in the experience of the world. We are not educating men today even for good mechanics. The apprenticeship system is practically gone; it is all piece work. A man goes down and gets hold of a machine that drives pegs into the holes, if he is making shoes. He should be educated along better lines. Let him find out where he belongs, and then if you qualify him for that work he is going to make a glorious success of it; but if you try to make him something that he is not fit for, because you think he is a brighter boy than some one else has, you are likely to make the mistake of your lives. Education should be broader. What is it for? It is to fit a man for his environment; and the one thing that you ought to give your child is a chance for him to expand and find out himself what he is good for. When he discovers that bent, with a proper educational system, educating the head, the eye and the hand, that boy is going to make a success of life. This is coming. I haven't seen the president's message yet; it has been delivered today, I suppose; but I imagine you are going 116 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE to see a good strong plea for what is known as the Davis bill, which will give establishment to these secondary schools of agriculture and mechanic arts all over the country. I believe every Iowa congressman is going to vote for it; all except one have told me they should. The great state of Iowa ought to do something for this great movement; you are entitled to it. You owe it to your children to give them a chance in life, and you know perfectly well that when you send your boy from your own doorstep out to the high school you never expect to see him back again contented. Why? Because his whole education has been to drag him away from that farm and to belittle the occupation in which you men are engaged with so much success. I am not decrying our present system; it is right for the small per- centage of boys and girls who get it — and there are only about three per cent of them that do. But I don't believe in making it so top- heavy. I believe in bringing up the rear end and giving the 97% an op- portunity. I am talking to some men of whom it is hard to tell whether you are farmers or not. When you come to differentiate between those who are city bred and country bred you can't do it any more. Nobody any longer wears hayseeds on his coat — or else it is becoming so popular that they all do; I don't know which it is. What is there in the city, after all, for the farmers? Talk about going to the art galleries and looking at pictures 18x24 of some landscape, with its group of trees and its brook running here and there, for which a man has paid $25,000 or $50,000, when you men can go out and see the great canvas painted by the Almighty Himself for absolutely nothing! And then they talk about the flowers from the conservatories and about the roses that they have in the cities and that you will have here to-night upon your tables! Did you ever see your mother come in from her little conservatory back there in the garden with that handful of old-fashioned flowers that she had grown with her own hands? Was there ever any rose that smelt as sweet? There was a joy about that work which no woman ever found who went to the hothouse and purchased a bouquet with its seven-foot stems to support it. Nearly every man here, I think, remembers that old motto — I think it is painted on one of the drop-curtains here in a Des Moines theatre — and many of you found it true; you have found "Tongues in trees, books in running brooks, sermons in stones, and good in every- thing." If the farmer has not done that, I don't know who has. There are some great advantages of the man who lives upon the farm. In the first place, he has time for reflection. You get into a city even the size of Des Moines, and if you catch a man of business on the street you find he is always in a hurry; he has his watch in his hand. Half the time he hardly takes time to eat, and at five o'clock he closes his door and rushes home. Very little of the enjoyment of life he really gets, I think; all there is comes from within and not from without. The farmer doesn't read as much, probably, as the city man, but he remem- bers what he reads, and he thinks about it; and whenever you get a man to thinking he is having some enjoyment; he is getting something out of life; he is not a mere imitator. The consequence is, as you all know, that there are fewer vagaries among the farming population than in any NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 117 other of the worlds. They don't take up with these new, hair-brained ideas and isms; they think it out dispassionately and without reference to political parties or creeds. I need not say that they are the most independent men on earth; you all know that; and yet it will bear repetition. Now, if you will just devise some means whereby you can re-establish something of this old social life that some of you men ejoyed when you were young, — if you can put something in place of the spelling-school and debating school for society, and the husking bee and the old log- rolling (if any of you are from Indiana you know something about that), you have accomplished a great deal for social life upon the farm. I might talk to you all day, because on this subject of education I am a crank — and yet I don't mean to say that, exactly. A crank, I have been told, is a man who sees one thing very clearly, and he is generally right about that; but he doesn't see it in its proper relation to other things. I think that is a pretty good definition. I believe I see it in the proper relation, and so I am going to say that I am an enthusiast on this subject of proper education for the boys and girls in Iowa. We have all the lawyers we need, and all the doctors that can make a living. We have more dentists than there are rotten teeth, and more ministers than we can support. But I v/ill tell you that we havn't anything like the number of good farmers that we ought to have. And let me tell you that if you get your boy started up here at Ames, he will come back with different notions. The trouble is to get them up to the point where they can go to Ames. Give them a secondary school where they can start in and lead to this agricultural college of high-class research work. What is the use of maintaining an institution here unless you are going to have a feeder for that, just the same as you have for your State University? Why direct every boy and girl to this cutural school? Let's have some feeders for the State Agricultural College and let them do the work which they ought to do. The investigation of this great problem of tuberculosis should be carried on. I do want to call your attention to one thing. I think it is quite 2,500 people in Iowa who die from the "white plague" every year. Startling! How many men were killed in the Spanish- American war? What is the tendency of modern thought, and what ought it to be in every line? It is prevention, isn't it? It is not the cure of disease after you get it, but it is to prevent people from getting that disease. And if only ten per cent of the people take it from diseased cattle or diseased pork, we owe it to humanity that we get rid of that ten per cent by means of prevention. Don't say that because this disease is gradually growing all the time you will sit idly by and let it grow, and try to take care of these people after they get it? That is the trouble with us everywhere; we don't go deep enough into these problems. We treat them in a surface sort of way. We do as the physicians do to-day; treat things symptomatically, not scientifically. I think the farmers ought to be interested in this matter to save their stock, but I am plead- ing now for a larger view. You ought to be interested, and you must be interested in it for the sake of humanity. 118 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICQLTURE Now, gentlemen, I am delighted to have been with you for a little while this afternoon, and I thank you for your very kind attention. The President: We have with us this afternoon a gentleman from Ohio, who will address us on the subject, ''Silos and Ensilage for Feed Cattle," Humphrey Jones. SILOS AND ENSILAGE FOR BEEF CATTLE. HUMPHREY JOXES, WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE, OHIO. Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Association: I assume that every member of this Association and every man present who is engaged in the stock feeding or stock raising business is engaged in it purely as a business proposition and not in the gratification of any fad or fancy, as we sometimes find in other occupations. I assume further that every farmer that is engaged in that business is prosecuting it for one or the other or both of two principal purposes: first, the profitable conversion of the products of his farm into meat, and second, the upbuilding and conserving of the fertility of his land. And, as has been told you very forcibly here this afternoon, the second purpose, as is going to be appreciated generally, is scarcely less important than the first, because the man who is simply raising crops off his lands and selling them or feeding them to live stock, without any particular view to maintaining the fertility of his land, is not a farmer, but is simply a miner, and it is only a matter of time until his farm will be mined out. The great source and means of maintaining the fertility of these lauds, according to the world's experience in agriculture, is by the handling o? live stock. No other means has been demonstrated to be so effective, and this is the method adopted in England and on the continent. However that may be, the condition of sentiment among farmers now is not such that a margin based merely upon maintaining the fertility of the farm will appeal strongly to them; we don't yet fully appreciate the importance of that matter; and if there is anything to be said in favor of the use of ensilage in beef production that will meet with favorable consideration and action upon the part of the average farmer, it must appeal to him as a business proposition, yielding immediate profit to him. I might say now, in advance of proceeding further, that I assume that you who are interested enough in this subject to have your officers invite some one to come seven or eight hundred miles to speak upon it are not expecting any special plea in favor of any theory, or a mere statement of the use of ensilage in the production of beef; but what you desire is a full and a fair statement of all the material matters relating to it, so that you individually can make up your judgment as to whether or not there is anything of practical value in it for you. If I were merely to tell you- the things that are favorable to it, without givin r the other side of the question, it might be as misleading to you as an absolute mis- statement of fact in reference to it. I therefore want to give you as candidly and fairly as I can all that experience has taught us in refer- ence to the subject. NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 119 As I said, the first proposition is as to whether tliere can be any immed- iate profit to the farmer and stockmen in the use of ensilage with 'beef cattle. In order to determine that question we must consider for a moment what the present revenue from the principal cattle feed of this country is, that is, the corn crop. It is told us, and generally conceded, that sixty per cent of the feeding value of the corn plant is in the ear, and forty per cent in the stalk and leaves and the husk. The first in- quiry, therefore, should be to ascertain what if any value under present methods of feeding is realized from the corn plant aside from the corn inthe ear. In Ohio, in our section particularly, four-fifths or more of the corn is cut up and chopped, and either fed in the shock, or husked and the corn and the fodder fed separately. That is a necessity with us, growing out of the fact that oats is not a very profitable crop with us. I suppose it is also your least profitable crop here. It is also true that oats is not so good a crop to use in getting sets of grass as is wheat, and that for tne proper sowing of winter wheat a properly cultivated corn-field fur- nishes an ideal seed bed, if you can get the corn removed so that you can put it in proper condition by working it a couple of inches in depth. With us that fodder is worth, I should say, on an average about eight cents a shock or $1.50 an acre, counting about 19 shocks to the acre. Practically, however, a great per cent of the fodder is not used; it goes to waste. It stands out in the weather all winter, and much of it is burned in the spring. The expense to us of cutting up that corn and handling it after it has been raised, strange as it may seem, is about five times what it costs to raise it. The farmer does not count the use of his equipment of teams and tools, except as he takes it in as a part of his capital stock and charges interest on it. The material thing with the farmer is the cash outlay. The cash outlay for raising that corn is not to exceed $2.00 per acre; in fact, we have hired our corn raised for years at $1.50 per acre. A man at $25.00 a month, in the possession of three good horses and the proper tools, will tend fifty acres of corn in three months' time. That is $75.00. $2.00 an acre would pay $30.00 a month for raising that corn. The corn has to be husked, which costs $2.50 an acre. It has to be cribbed, which costs 50 cents. It will cost you two cents a bushel, ordinarily, either to market or feed that corn. You have the fodder in the field that must be hauled out a little at a time through the winter in the mud, and you can't possibly do that short of $1.00 an acre. So you have $6.00 an acre of a cash outlay, putting it moderately, after you have raised your corn. Now, you men in the west here cut up probably not more than ten per cent of your corn. The question with you is, what is the value of these stalks in the field? In our country I never knew of stalks selling at more than $1.00 an acre, and probably 50 or 75 cents is all the value there is in them to you. If those stalks are forty per cent of the value of the whole crop, even if you are getting $1.00 an acre for them that is a very small per cent of what they are worth. If corn makes fifty bushels to the acre and you count it worth 40 cents on the farm, there is $20.00 an acre. If the stalks are worth forty per cent of the corn, $13.67 is the value of them, and if you are getting only $1.00 an acre for them 120 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE you are getting only about one-thirteenth of what they are worth. We in Ohio are feeding our corn out of the shock. If we count the expense that we put on that fodder in order to get it in shape, w^e would get nothing out of it. We cut it and put it in shock merely for the purpose of getting the land in wheat; the feeding value in it ordinarily would not justify the usual way of handling it. Putting that corn in the silo gives you the full feeding value. This feeding cattle ensilage is a new thing, and, like many another new thing, some people get very enthusiastic over it and say that all of it ought to be done that way. You must remember that the putting of the corn in the silo is not going to increase the feeding value of it a particle, but it will render the grains more digestible. The food in a large silo is always so hot that you can't hold your hand in it, through the process of fermentation; and it therefore puts the grain in condition so that it is more easily and completely digested. But with a practical feeder of cattle that is not a very material thing. It does not matter if the cattle do waste a great deal of the corn; he has he hogs to gather it up; so there is no increased value in the grain by putting it in the silo, not- withstanding the fact that the steer will digest a larger per cent of it. The only place that the benefit or gain comes in is through getting the full value of the stalks. You do get every pound of that, because the steer will eat it up completely. Our experience covering a period of eight years is that the figure of forty per cent value in the stalks is not too high; in fact, I think it is too low. Practically I believe the feeding value of corn by putting it in a silo is doubled. We have been able to carry twice as many cattle as we could before. Before that we fed with clover hay and shock corn, blue grass, etc., much the same as you men here in Iowa are feeding. It is therefore apparent that there is a great gain in utilizing the whole of those stalks. As the gentlman that preceded me said, the waste in the state of Iowa is simply enormous. Two-thirds of the value of all that you get out of this corn crop is wasted every year, except that there is a distinct advantage in your leaving these stalks on the field. Your land would be reduced in fer- tility just that much faster if they were taken off, and it will be reduced in value if you cut that corn off and put it in the silo. For that reason, if you leave these stalks there and waste $12.00 or $13.00 per acre every year, it is not an entire waste, but is simply that much less taken off the soil. The ideal way is to feed all of that corn down on the ground, and we endeavor as much as possible to handle the crop that way with cattle and hogs. Whenever you do that you are taking practically nothing off of the land. The next thing to determine in order to solve the question as to whether there is any profit in it is, how much expense is there going to be in utilizing and saving that $12.00 or $13.00 per acre of value of the corn plant. I told you about the enormous expense in Ohio involved in handling this crop after it is raised. You don't have so much expense here. The principal question with us is whether there is more cash out- lay involved in putting the corn in the silo than in handling it as we used to. We have found by experience that it costs much less to handle the corn and put it in the silo than to cut and feed it the other way. NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 121 We can put the corn in the silo at an expense of between $4.00 and $5.00 an acre when we do it on a considerable scale. If a man were putting forty or fifty acres of corn in a silo, ne could do it at much less than that. But where you do it on a large scale it involves a great deal of expense outside your regular farm labor and increases the expense of it. After you husk your corn off the stalk, the expense of putting this corn in the silo would all be added. It is simply a question of whether or not the expenditure of $4.00 or $5.00 an acre necessary to put that corn in the silo, by which you would save $12.00 or $13.00 of feed, is a paying business proposition. The statement of that is enough to carry conviction. If that was all there was to it, everybody would say at once, "We will build silos, for we want to save the whole of this corn crop." It won't be practicable for you in Iowa to all build silos, and you don't want to put the whole of your crop in them. You want first to feed every acre of this corn possible down in the field. You have to have some of this corn to carry your stock through the winter, and you will need to have the roughage also. But you can profitably handle a certain percentage of your corn crop in the silo. On one farm of over 2,000 acres, where we raise an average of 700 or 800 acres of corn per year, we put about two- thirds of it in the silo; that is about all we can profitably handle in that way. The amount each man could put in the silo profitably would de- pend upon his particular circumstances. Here are some of the objectionable features with regard to that method of handling the corn crop. It costs money to build silos. If you build them of cement and have gravel reasonably accessible, silos hold- ing 500 or 600 tons can be built reasonably; but the average farmer is not looking for storage. You must have barns ar sheds to feed these cattle in if you are going to feed silage, and it costs money to build them. But I think good sheds will pay, even with the ordinary methods of feeding that we in Ohio and you in Iowa have generally used. When cattle are fed all the corn they can eat, they don't need much shelter; a barbed wire fence is about as good proptection as any shed you could build for them. They want cool air instead of warm air. But if we come, as we must in time, to the methods of feeding that are adopted in the older countries of the world — in England, for instance, where they practically never feed a steer more than eight or ten or twelve pounds of grain, we will have to have these sheds for protection, because the cattle won't get enough heat to keep him warm, after he takes what he will need to make the addition of two or three pounds daily to his fiesh. In addition to having the sheds, our experience has taught us that we must have solid bottoms in them, and then there is practically no waste at all with the silage; they will eat every pound of it. You may haul in straw and that will help some, but often conditions arise that the more straw you put in the worse they will get. So we have found that the only practical way is to have solid bottoms in the sheds, and in the lots, too. That means that you must clean out, and that there isn't going to be a pound of waste of manure; and to the man who puts a high value on manure, that is a thing that will recommend itself very strongly. While I think I have a proper appreciation of the value of manure, that is a feature 122 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE of the silo proposition that does not commend itself to me so favorably, because while you don't lose a pound of that manure, you must haul out more than you haul into the feed lot, and that must be done every day during the winter, and in all kinds of weather conditions. It is the most serious problerh that we have encountered in feeding this ensilage to cattle. There is an enormous quantity of it— thousands of loads, and you can't always put it on your fields in the winter time. That means that you must pile it up, and haul it out again on the fields, which means a pretty big bill of expense in the course of a year. But as I say, it would be a thing that would commend itself to the average farmer, especially in the older sections of the country, rather than to constitute an objec- tion to the use of the silo. That expense, however, when you come to figure it down to so much per head on the number of cattle that are in- volved, does not amount to so much, after all — a fraction of a dollar per head for bedding and taking care of the manure. This advantage I should have mentioned further in the feeding of this silage: it furnishes you storage right where you need it, if storage is desirable; and the handling of that corn crop after it is in the islo is a very insignificant matter. We usually allot one man to feed 300 or 400 cattle. In feeding some other ways a man would do pretty well if he could feed 75 cattle properly, and the former w^ould do his work easier. This goes a long way toward overcoming this increased expense of bedding and taking care of the manure. Now as to the results. I can't go into much detail in regard to this matter, but we have found in the experience of feeding all kinds of cattle, from calves to three-year-olds, that we can get as good gains from feeding ensilage as in any other method of feeding that we were ever familiar with. We add to our silage, of course, clover hay or alfalfa. We grow- large quantities of that. During most of the time we have added to our corn soy beans cut in with it, because they are very rich in protein. In addition to that we have fed cottonseed meal with the silage, and it is an ideal way to feed it, because cottonseed meal is a thing by which cattle may be injured if it is not properly fed. When sprinkled over the ensi- lage it is mingled with all that mass of roughage, and you can feed from three to five pounds of cottonseed meal for six months to cattle without any serious effects at all. We advise starting with about two pounds of cottonseed meal, and increasing up toward the end of the period to about five pounds; and with that, without the addition of a grain of corn, we have been able to make gains as rapidly and put the cattle in better finish than we were ever able to do in any other way. Fifty bushels of corn to the acre will make about ten tons of ensilage as it comes from the field, and about eight tons as it comes out of the silo. There is a weight of about 3,000 pounds of corn in that, which you see is about twenty per cent of the total weight as fed to the cattle; and the steer will eat about fifty pounds a day, which contains ten pounds of corn; and he is getting it in a form that he digests and utilizes every pound. If you add to that two to five pounds of cottonseed meal, all our information upon that matter is that it has a feeding value of about two and one-half times shelled corn; so that if you give a steer five pounds of cottonseed meal, he is getting an equivalent of ten pounds or more of NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 123 corn, in additiou to the ten pounds of actual corn fed in the ensilage. If he digests and utilizes every pound of twenty pounds of corn, either in the form of cottonseed meal or shelled corn, he will do well, if he has all the good roughage he wants. In addition to that, this ensilage puts him in the shape that he is when he is on grass. It is a succulent, cooling food that keeps his hair in the same condition as when he is on grass, and it finishes him up evenly. Our experience has been that they finish up more uniformly on the ensilage than on the dry feed. These gains, as you can see, if they are made as rapidly on the ensilage, hay and cotton- seed meal as they can be made in any other way, must be made much more economically, because you are utilizing there the stalk and the leaves and the husks of the corn plant, which, as I have said, counting the corn worth 40 cents a bushel and 50 bushels to the acre, is worth two- fifths as much as the ears; so you are feeding about $12 or $13 worth that you are wasting in the ordinary way of feeding. Briefly, therefore, it is our experience that the feeding of ensilage to cattle is valuable. It has long been recognized as an indispensable in the dairy, and I could never understand why, if it was good to put fat in the milk-pail, it would not be good to put fat on the back. There is essentially no difference in the process that takes place in the digestive tract. It would not be advisable for the man feeding 50 or 100 cattle to build such large silos as we build. We build them with a view to ac- commodating several hundred head of cattle, and we build our sheds in the same w^ay; but I think what can be done with profit upon that scale will be equally profitable upon a lesser scale. We have lands, also, that we don't have any silos on, and we are feeding some cattle by the old methods, so that we have an opportunity for comparison of the different methods. We have not built silos for the reason that it has not been practicable for us to do so, for various reasons that it is not necessary to state here. How^ever, we expect to extend the use of the silo, even if we don't have occasion to extend the cattle-feeding oprations any. But I don't want any gentleman to get the idea that we think every man should build a silo. We would not recommend that every man should build one. There are a good many farmers who already have more feed than they are utilizing. They haven't as much live stock as they ought to keep, and they don't need any silo. If a considerable per cent of the corn crop of Iowa should be put in silos, you could hardly get live stock enough here to eat it. But the time will come when we will have a better system of farming that will have in view the crowding upon these lands of all the stock that can be got upon them, and that will mean, as the gentleman who preceded me said, the application of more system to the business of farming, such as is applied in other business to make them a success. He says ninety per cent of these fellows in the towns fail, and that the men in business in the towns have system. He distinguishes between the business men, and then calls the rest of us farmers! I always did object to that sort of distinction as invidious. A man with a little corner grocery is a business man, but a man with a farm worth $20,000 or $30,000 and having much more invested in live stock, em- ploying men and growing crops and putting them into beef, is not en- 124 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE gaged in business; he is a farmer! The business men of the country are the farmers; three-fifths of us are farmers. Three-fifths of all that is added to the wealth of this country comes from business men on the farms. The thing that we are deficient in is just what was pointed out to us this afternoon: system. The business man that runs the little corner grocery or dry-goods store has been forced to apply improverd methods to his business. Why? Because ninety per cent of them fail. That neces- sity does not exist to such a great extent with the farmer, because he will not starve to death; if he doesn't make anything. he will live. But the man who is running a peanut stand or a little grocery will go down if he doesn't make a profit; therefore the necessity exists with him of keeping card systems, watching expenses closely, cutting off the waste and doing everything possible to insure for him a profit. But every farm- er ought to do more than merely make a living. He should add to his com- petence, improve his farm, and make it so attractive that this tide will not be running from the farm to the town, but will be running the other way; and when he fully appreciates the purpose in doing those things he will apply to his business those same exact and careful methods which the business man in town uses. Question: Do yon feed the ensilage all the year round, or just in the winter ? Mr. Jones : We feed it sometimes in the summer when the grass is dry, but usually only in the winter. It will keep for two or three years. The President: The next number on our program is an illus- trated address by Prof. W. A. Cochel of Lafayette, Ind., on cattle feeding. CATTLE FEEDING. W. A. COCHEL, LAFAYETTE, IND. The feeding of beef cattle is almost essential to the extensive method of farming practiced throughout the corn belt, if the productive capacity of the soils is to be maintained. The particular method to be followed should be governed largely by the character of the farm. Where a large portion of the land is too broken for plowing, a system which includes grazing or the production of feeders may be followed with success. When all of the land is adapted to corn and has increased in value so rapidly that it cannot be profitably kept in permanent pasture, then the production of beef cattle for market purposes may not be advisable. Under such conditions the finishing of cattle rather than the production of feeders, should be considered. The producer's profit will depend upon the breeding, type and qual- ity of the steers, the rate and cost of gain, the value of pasture and feed, the kind of ration fed, the condition of the steers when marketed and the manurial value of feeds used. The feeder's profit will depend upon the margin between the cost of feeders and the selling price of fat cattle. NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 125 the quality and type of steers fed, their previous treatment and con- dition when placed in the feed lot, the rate and cost of gain, degree of finish secured before marketing, the kind of ration fed and the gain on hogs following. It is of vital importance to the producer to he able to appreciate the factors which influence the value of feeders in order to obtain the maximum profit from the business. He should be able to recognize good and bad features in order to select breed and produce the most desirable cattle for the feeder. It is equally important .for the feeder to have a knowledge of the factors influencing the value of the different grades of feeders in order that he may buy the kind of cattle which are relatively the cheapest when filling his feed lots. Whether producing or feeding cattle, the chief aim is to turn large quantities of grain and roughage into a more profitable product, to maintain soil fertility, and to increase the yield of farm crops from year to year. In our work at Purdue Experiment Station we have considered that the labor in marketing crops, as such, is as great as that required in feeding them on the farm, and marketing the stock which has con- sumed them. If this is true, in Iowa as it is in Indiana, then the feed- ers who secure the purchase price of their cattle and the market price of feeds consumed from the same of their cattle and hogs, are equally as well off as the grain farmer and has in addition, a vast amount of manure which, if properly handled, will increase his profits from farm- ing through several years. The quesion of cattle feeding is so broad that an attempt cannot be made to discuss it from every standpoint in our lecture. For this reason I will confine my remarks largely to one phase of the business, that of "Short Feeding." By this term is meant, feeding cattle to a marketable finish in 90 to 120 days. To do so profitably requires the exercise of keen judgment in the selection of feeders, the ration used, the method of feeding and also experience in feeding. As in any other venture it is necessary to start right. The steers used should be mature, fleshy feeders as calves and" yearlings will utilize too great a proportion of their feed for growth and not enough for fat to justify giving them a short feed. The quality and type selected should depend upon market conditions at the time of purchase and probable demand at the close of the feeding period. Price being equal the more quality the steers have and the nearer they approach the beef type, the greater will be the profit. If they are to be marketed during the summer and fall, then it is essential that they have quality and type and start in the feed lots in "grass fat" condition in order that they will not come in competition with western range cattle but will sell in a higher grade; if marketed during the winter or spring, then quality and type are not so essential as the market demand for the plain cattle is broader. The illustrations used show various types of cattle used in the feed lots at che Station. The first one is that of a plain steer which was used in a "short fed" lot during the winter of 1906-07. The staggy head and coarseness are objectionable but he illustrates well the type and condition most desirable for short feeding. The second illustration shows a type which does not have sufllcient capacity for feed to insure rapid gains while in the feed lot. The third illustration shows a steer which has breeding, capacity and type, but not 126 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE enough age to be used for short feeding. This steer, though making a gain of 2.63 lbs. daily, required six months to be made prime. The fourth illustration is that of a car load of "short fed" cattle which were ex- hibited at the International of 1907 and won first prize and champion- ship for "short fed" cattle. A complete record of this feeding is given in Bulletin 130 published by Purdue Experiment Station, Lafayette, Ind. They were ideal steers in every respect for short feeding purposes. During the past two winters we have fed cattle to determine the relative advantage of short vs. long feeding periods. A great deal of thought was put on the kind of ration that would insure a maximum amount of gain and still not be unavailable or too expensive for practical use. It was decided to use in these tests a ration of shelled corn, cotton seed meal, clover hay and corn silage, which has given us an average daily gain per steer of 3.16 pounds in the "short fed" lot and 2.57 pounds in the "long fed" lot during the first test; of 2.85 pounds in the "short fed" lot and 2.66 pounds in the "long fed" lot during the second test. It would have been impossible to secure such results from a ration of ear corn and timothy hay, shock corn and wheat straw or similar rations which are frequently used throughout the corn belt. The one selected had these points in its favor; it was palatable, succulent and something near a balanced ration and could be available on nearly every farm. SHORT vs. LONG FEEDING. Winter 1906-07 Winter 1907-08 Short Fed Long Fed Short Fed Long Fed Length of period 90 days $ 4.50 1175 lbs. 3.161bs. 21.19 lbs. 2.74 3.15 15.00 6.70 lbs. .86 .99 4.74 $ 6.98 8.17 $ 4.98 5.21 5.35 180 days $ 4.25 1010 lbs. 2.57 lbs. 16.66 lbs. 2.99 3.93 15.01 6.47 lbs. 1.16 1.52 5.82 $ 7.59 8.74 $ 5.29 5.66 5.60 110 days $ 4.50 1287 lbs. 2.85 lbs. 21.67 lbs. 2.40 4.53 14.09 7.60 lbs. .84 1.58 4.94 $ 7. 3 9.21 $ 5.15 5.42 5.75 180 days $ 4.00 1123 lbs. 2 66 lbs Initial value . Initial weight Daily gain per head. Daily feed per steer: Shelled corn 19 01 lbs. Cotton seed meal 2 70 Clover hay Corn silage Feed per lb. gain: Shelled coin. 4.51 14.99 7 15 lbs Cotton seed meal 1.02 Clover hay 1.69 Corn silage Cost of grain per cwt. : Corn at 40c 5.64 $ 7 91 Corn at 50c 9 18 Necessary selling price to break even: Corn at 40c". $ 5 16 Corn at 50c 5.54 Actual market value 6.70 It will be seen from the table that the "short fed" cattle made the most rapid gain, consumed a greater proportion of grain to roughage, made cheaper gains and required a smaller margin between buying and selling prices in order to break even. In the first test it required 284.7 pounds per head to finish the "short fed' cattle and 463.7 pounds to make the "long fed" cattle equally fat. In the second test 313.5 pounds for the "short fed" and 478.6 pounds for the "long fed" cattle. The NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 121 amount of corn consumed per head by the "short fed" cattle was 34 bushels in the first test and 41.9 in the second; by the "long fed" cattle 54.6 and 61.1 bushels per head. This is the result of two years' work at the station and the problem is by no means solved as to the relative profit from the two methods, be- cause the tvvO lots of cattle cannot be sold on the same market. On a stationary market the "short fed" cattle have proven most profitable both years, but from March, 1908, to May, 1908, there was such an in- crease in cattle values that the "long fed" cattle returned the greater profit. In feeding the ration mentioned during the last two years we have never received less than 18 cents per bushel over market value for the corn fed and it has amounted to as much as 37 cents in one in- stance. This is more than the average profit in growing the corn and means that cattle fed under similar conditions during the past two years by the corn producers have doubled their profit. It is to be hoped that further experimentation will throw more light upon this subject, but the data secured indicate that feeding beef cattle is a business that not only demands skill upon the part of the feeder but judgment as to cattle selected for special purposes, the selection of productive and profitable rations and business ability of the highest type. Question : AVas your object in feeding silage to aid digestion ? Prof. Cociiel : We consider it entirely as a roughage. Question : You stated that you fed shelled corn because it demonstrated the actual weight. Is that the only reason? Prof. Cochel: Yes. I think you would get equally as good results by feeding broken ears in the start, until the steers begin to shell their own corn. We have fed some ground corn, but have not gone quite deep enough into that yet to say Avhether or not we like it better than the shelled corn. There is a wide difference of opinion in our state, but as near as I can get at it from the feeders, those who have a mill on their place and don't put very much emphasis on the hog end of the deal prefer the ground feed. I have heard a good many of the men say this year that they are going to grind their corn, because it is flinty. Question : I want to ask ]\Ir. Jones how he builds his silos. Mr. Jones: That matter would constitute an address in itself, and I could only in just a few words tell you what we have done. We build our silos of concrete, with a six-inch wall, reinforced with 00 wire, which is about the size of an ordinary lead pencil, hori- zontally. It costs about 50 cents per ton capacity. We don't put the corn in the silo when it will become acid; it should be in the first stage of maturity, and then it is always sweet. 12S IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Also you want to get all the feeding value possible in the corn plant before you cut it, and the solid matter is put in the plant most rapidly during the last two weeks of its maturing period. Question: "What method do you use in your silos for jambs and doors ? Mr. Jones: We set frames in the cement and make the open- ings to them, one above the other — about four of them. We build our silos 50 feet in height ; they are ordinarily built 20 or 30 feet. We have one that is 36 feet in diameter; others that are 26 feet. We don't roof them at all. Always make your lowest door high enough so that you can drive a wagon into it. Build a square chute over these doors, so that when you throw the silage out of the top door it drops right down into the wagon. Question: How would the corn fodder that is cut up and standing in the shock today compare with ensilage for feeding? Mr. Jones: It does not compare with it; they won't eat it all. After the stalks are dry they get hard and woody ; and if you chop them up they will get crosswise in the cattle's mouths and make them sore, and it is not satisfactory. Question: What kind of molds do you use for building your silos ? Mr. Jones: One silo we build by making a permanent inside mold out of flooring boards and using sheets of strip-iron 28 inches in width, then fill it. Question: What proportions do you use? Mr. Jones : About one of cement to eight of gravel. Heretofore there has been one great objection in regard to these silos, viz. : that the silage will mould around the wall. That will occur with ordinary cement silos, but we prevent it by simply coating the inside of the silo with coal tar or asphaltum. It doesn't have to be renewed oftener than every two or three years. We have one round barn of 150 feet diameter with a circular feed box. The barn has an open court of about 100 feet with a shed extending all around it about 25 feet. Question: In building small silos for 30 head of cattle would you advise a cement silo? Mr. Jones : Yes, but I would build them high and narrow. The joint meeting thereupon adjourned. PART IV PROCEEDINGS STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION. December 9, 1908. Convention called to order by the President of the State Board of Agriculture, C. E. Cameron, who appointed the following com- mittees : Committee on Credentials : H. L. Pike of Monona county, J. H. Harrison of Lj^on county, and John IMullan of Pocahontas county. Committee on Resolutions : "W. M. Clark of iMarshall county, W. P. George of Story county, and C. F. Sauerman of Jasper county. Vice-President Brown was called to the chair and the President made the following address: PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Another year has rolled around and blessed Iowa from an agricul- tural standpoint, not only in good crops but good prices. With this great harvest from the farms, when the yield in some places has fallen below the average the price has more than made up. The Iowa State Fair and Exposition was also blessed with large exhibits in all depart- ments and the attendance greater than any year in the history of the association. We certainly can congratulate ourselves upon the fair of 1908, as the Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture, who attended the fair this year stated that it was the greatest agricultural fair ever held in the United States, and he says that means the w^orld. That cer- tainly is encouragement, coming from a man occupying the position he does, and I think he has done more for agricultural interests of the United States than any man w^ho has occupied the position he now holds. There was a large increase in the number of campers upon our grounds this year. This feature of the fair seems to be gaining favor in a great many sections of the state and is a feature which should be encouraged, 9 130 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE for it is a pleasant outing, not only for the farmer, but for any one who wishes to take a week's vacation. We had upon our grounds this year close to five thousand people who took advantage of this way of attending the fair. The cost is very small, as one can rent a tent and have the same put up and taken down; all that is necessary to bring from home is sheets and pillow cases. If the increase continues in the next five years as it has in the last five years, there will be ten thousand campers on the grounds, a^ the fair is fast becoming one of the great educa- tional institutions of the state, if not now. I would like to see erected on the grounds a cottage from every county in the state where the people of a county could register and meet their friends. Of all the buildings that have been erected upon the Iowa State Fair Grounds in the last few years, none have called out so many favorable comments as the new Administration Building that was built this year. It not only throws all the offices of the fair together, so that anyone wishing to go from one department to another can do' so without traveling all over the grounds, but the building with its large rotunda and its commodious porches was a mecca for all the people at- tending the fair. The placing of new buildings for the future has be- come a great problem with the directors and officers of the fair, and in every new building that has been erected in the last few years they have figured from the increase in the past and judged by the same increase in the future that they were building large enough to meet this increase; but they have found themselves mistaken. The fair in the last few years has been coming with leaps and bounds, until today we have had more people on our grounds in one day than the total attendance for the entire week a few years ago. To illustrate the increase of entries in our stock departments: Two years ago we asked the legislature to build a swine barn, to cover three acres of ground and hold three thousand hogs. Some of the legislators thought we were crazy, wanting a building to hold three thousand hogs; "you will not fill it in twenty years," they said. But they were convinced that we did need a building of that ca- pacity, and so built it. What was the result the first year the building was occupied? that was in 1907; we could not accommodate all the hogs. And this year, after cutting down the number of pens each exhibitor might have, we turned away close to one thousand hogs. And in every department of the fair they were taxed to the limit to take care of the entries. There are several buildings that the fair needs at this time — machinery, dairy, etc. But the most needed building at this time is a new, abso- lutely fire-proof grand stand, capable of seating from twelve to fifteen thousand people. It seems cruel to see from five to eight thousand peo- ple standing in the hot sun all afternoon to try and see some of the amusement features of the fair. They are not standing there from choice, but from the fact that they are unable to procure a seat in the grand stand. I have not gone into the financial conditions of the fair of 1908, as that will be brought out by the secretary, Mr. Simpson, in his report, and in behalf of the members of the board and officers of the Iowa State NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 131 Fair and Exposition I want to thank the people of Iowa for their in- terest and loyalty to the fair, for it is their fair and they have made it. Mr. President : I take pleasure in presenting to you ]\Ir. Simp- son, who will now give the report of the Secretary for 1908. SECRETARY'S REPORT. Once again it becomes my duty to present a report to the annual State Agricultural Convention. The stability of Iowa's great resources was never more apparent than during the past twelve months. The panic in the late fall of 1907 was felt to a greater extent in the states to the east and south than in Iowa. This was followed by extremely dry weather during the past season, which in many sections became quite a serious problem for the farmers late in the summer and early fall, reducing the yield of farm crops very materially. During all this period Iowa has stood out promiently as a bright shining star. The panic affected less the farmers and the indus- tries of this state than in any other section of the country. Again, while the farmers in the eastern and southern states were praying for rain, the annual harvest in Iowa and the maturing corn crop gave evidence of a normal yield, with prices somewhat higher. Considering the conditions throughout the country for the past twelve months, the 26th day of November was in reality a day of thanks for Iowa people. The work of the Department of Agriculture has been carried on in the best possible manner with the limited means available under the present statute. In the introductory of the Iowa Year Book of Agriculture for 1907 was set forth some additional requirements for the department to enable it to carry on the work in a more efficient manner. This in- troductory included our recommendation for a larger support fund and amendments to existing laws granting authority to the Department to issue bulletins from time to time containing such information and sta- tistics as w^ould be of interest to the public. This would include the is- suing of special bulletins after the annual gatherings of the Iowa Swine Breeders' and the Iowa Dairy Associations. At the close of the institute season another bulletin should be published giving a condensed state- ment of thier work for the past year, suggestions for programs and man- agement of institutes, and other information helpful to institute workers — making the bulletin meet the demands as they would present themselves. Still another bulletin should be issued with special reference to the workings of the stallion law, giving a revised list, by counties, at least once each year, of the stallions upon which state certificates had been issued. This would aid in carrying out the provisions of the law by plac- ing a copy of said bulletin in the hands of every owner of a pure bred stallion, who would be on their guard to report any violations. A bulletin at the close of the season for the holding of county and district fairs would be useful to all connected with the management of said fairs, as well as the patrons. Other bulletins might be added on special sub- jects, as may be deemed wise for the purpose of promoting agricultural production and agricultural education. At present the only authorized 132 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE medium of the Department for the dissemination and publication of sta- tistics, papers or other data is through the annual Iowa Year Book of Agriculture. As can readily be seen, much of the material contained in the Year Books is published out of season, and, in some instances, a year after it should be given to the public. If the publication of bulletins is authorized by the next general as- sembly the time for printing the Year Book could be changed from an- nually to biennially, and the number of copies to be printed increased to five thousand, or more, if necessary. The saving in the cost of printing the Year Book would go a long way toward paying for the printing of the special bulletins. STATISTICS ON FARM CROPS AND LIVE STOCK. I would suggest a change and addition in the present statute with reference to the collection of agricultural statistics. As the law now stands, the assessors are required in each odd-numbered year to record statistics as to the acreage of certain farm crops for the preceding year. Such reports are now made to the secretary of state for publication in the official register. The law should be amended, first, to include in addition to farm crops, statistics on live stock and such other informa- tion as may be obtained relative to agriculture, agricultural production, acreage, and agricultural labor within each township, same to be col- lected annually and reported to the office of the Department of Agri- culture upon blanks to be furnished by the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. We believe the proper channel for the disseminating of all agricultural statistics should be through the State Department of Agriculture. This is in conformity to similar methods followed in other states, and is a step in the right direction for making the work and reports of the various departments of agriculture in the various states more uniform. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The work of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations and American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers in their effort to perfect a better organization of extension teaching in agriculture is to be commended. At the meeting at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in November, 1906, the committee from the agricul- tural colleges and experiment stations made the following recommen- dation: "(1) That each college represented in this association organize as soon as practicable a department of extension teaching in agriculture, co-ordinate with the other departments or divisions of agricultural work, with a competent director in charge, and if possible, with a corps of men at his disposal * * *. (2) If in case of any agricultural college this step is at present impracticable, we would recommend most strongly that the college appoint a faculty committee on extension teaching in agri- culture." We are pleased to report that the first session of the Iowa legis- lature following this meeting a bill was enacted providing for agri- NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 133 cultural extension work by the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanics Arts and providing an appropriation therefor. The next, or Thirty-second, general assembly showed their confidence and apprecia- tion in the importance of this work by making the appropriation annual and increasing the amount thereof. As a result of this college ex- tension work there has been organized throughout the state in various counties a number of "short courses" for instruction in agriculture, dairying, stock judging, domestic science, etc. The American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers are directing their efforts for the establishment of "movable schools of agriculture." The statement of the committee in making its report gives in a very concise manner the object of these schools in the following words: "The institutes, at least in the United States where they have been longest conducted, have brought the majority of the country people to appreciate the value of the truths that agricultural science has to teach. The next duty, therefore, is to demonstrate the practicability of imparting these truths with sufficient particularity, adaption and ex- tent to be of substantial benefit to the working farmer in increasing his earing power. The movable school promises to provide such a demonstration. It deals with a single item or subject in agriculture, and it deals with it both in a theoretical and in a practical way. It explains the theory and then teaches by doing. * * * * The movable school is first of all a carefully prepared course of study extending over sufficient time to teach the subject thoroughly and render the student familiar with the practice work which the course prescribes. It is given to classes regularly organized and limited in number, whose members agree to complete the course. It is equipped with all the ap- paratus, books, and material needed for presenting the subject in a most thorough manner, and is conducted by a teacher who is an expert in expounding and illustrating the theory of the subject and in directing the practical features of the study. The students are men and women of mature years, and of experience in the direction in which the in- struction is to be given, having sufficient preliminary education to en- able them to understand and participate intelligently in the requirements of the course." The form of organization for movable schools of agriculture is set forth in circular No. 79 from the U. S. Office of Experiment Stations, issued under date of October 24, 1908, INSTITUTES. Farmers' institutes were held in eighty-three of the ninety-nine coun- ties of the state during the last fiscal year, an increase of five over the previous period. It is known that in two counties reporting no insti- tute, short courses were held, thus increasing the number to eighty-five, leaving only fourteen counties in which neither institutes or short courses were held. Fifty-nine hundred and fifty-five dollars was paid out through the state auditor's office to the institutes in the last period, an increase of four 134 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE hundred dollars over the preceding year. In the competition for the ex- hibit of corn by the county farmers' institutes or corn clubs at the last State Fair the Polk County Farmers' Institute was awarded first prize, $100.00; second to the Packwood Corn Club of Jefferson county, $50; third to the Story County Farmers' Institute, $25.00; fourth to Dallas county, $15.00, and fifth to Warren county, v-LO.OO. The statute relative to the manner of filing reports from farmers' institutes should be changed, providing for the filing of such through the office of the Department of Agriculture upon blanks sent out by the secretary, and said reports to be filed on or before May first of each year. This would then give ample time for the publication and distribu- tion of farmers' institute bulletins mentioned previously in this re- port before the opening of the next institute season. ADVERTISING IOWA'S RESOURCES. The census report taken for the year 1905, as you will remember, showed that there had been practically no increase in the rural popula- tion of Iowa since the last report was made, but, on the other hand, in certain townships and counties an actual decrease was reported. People were generally amazed at that statement of facts and quite curious to know why the increase in our rural population had so suddenly stopped. Many reasons were advanced by various persons endeavoring to explain this cause. The arguments presented were in some instances quite plausible, but in our opinion they did not follow along the lines respon- sible for this situation. If a merchant expects to keep pace with his competitors he must keep up a thorough and systematic campaign of ad- vertising, laying great stress and playing up strongly any bargains he has to offer. The breeder uses every legitimate means of keeping his herd or flock before the public by taking advertising space in the press, issuing catalogs, and in the show ring. He feels that he must advertise to let his brother breeder know what he has. The manufacturer never loses an opportunity for keeping his output before the consumer; he lets the world know what he is doing by advertising. Did it ever occur to you, my dear friends, that the foundation of all our industries was builded upon that one little word "advertising"? Let the manufacturer, breeder or merchant cease advertising and the effect is at once noticeable in the sales. If advertising then is so essential to the successful carrying on of trade, why should not the State of Iowa advertise to the world the op- portunities for the further development of her great resources? We should not only seek to encourage immigration of desirable citizens to Iowa, but endeavor to point out to our native citizens the mistaken idea that they must emigrate to other sections of the country to better their conditions. The time has arrived when the gospel of truth should be spread broadcast, portraying in a decisive manner the advantages of citizenship in Iowa. It is time to lay the foundation and to begin a thorough and systematic cam- paign of advertising with the ultimate object of increasing by twofold our rural population. Thousands of dollars are expended annually by other states, railway companies and real estate men in getting out attractive literature to attract immigration. Thousands have gone from Iowa, and NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 135 thousands of others have passed through our state in seeking their new location. Attractive literature has playc d no small part in the scramble for immigrants. The next Iowa general assembly should provide a fund that the advertising of Iowa's great resources and opportunities could be properely put before the world. COUNTY AND DISTRICT FAIRS OF IOWA. New features of educational importance are gradually becoming a part of the program at many of the county and district fairs. At one county fair held in Iowa the past year a very instructive exhibit of noxious weeds was made; at another a tuberculin hog was exhibited by the state veter- inarian's department, showing all the diseased organs. Judging contests are becoming more numerous. An exhibit from the schools of the county or district is gaining a place in the premium list classification at many of the fairs. The report of the amount of cash premiums paid would indi- cate a larger and more diversified exhibit was made. The number of fairs reporting as having paid out over one thousand dollars in cash premiums increased from eight in 1907 to thirteen in 1908, with Marshall County fair leading with $1,841.00. The others follow: 2. Union District, Muscatine county $1,579.00 3. Kossuth county 1,227.00 4. Columbus Junction District, Louisa county 1,211.00 5. Wapsie Valley, Linn county 1,185.00 6. Tipton District, Cedar county 1,160.00 7. Henry county 1,159.00 8. Buena Vista county 1,101.00 9. Jefferson county 1,080.00 10. Clinton county 1,075.00 11. Davis county 1,039.00 12. Clinton District 1,036.00 13. Jasper county 1,017.00 Sixty-eight thousand dollars are shown as paid out in premiums by the eighty-nine fairs reporting, and the total valuation of fair ground property figures up to $615,000.00, or an average of about $7,000.00 for each plant. IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION. It was just fifty-four years ago last October that the first Iowa State Fair was held at Fairfield, on a ten-acre lot enclosed with a rail fence ten. feet high. The state owes a tribute which it never can pay to the public spiritedness, energy and hard work shown by the small band of gentlemen who conceived the idea of organizing and holding an annual state fair for the purpose of showing the products of soil and factory, and resourceful- ness of the breeder, to encourage and advertise the great opportunities open to the settlers within the borders of this great commonwealth. The in- spiration for the holding of a state fair was gathered from our brothers in Illinois, they having organized the Illinois State Fair the previous year. Thus from this humble beginning the fair has expanded and increased its 136 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE educational possibilities until today it is recognized as the greatest an- nual exposition in the world from the standpoint of exhibits and attend- ance from the rural districts. There are one or two other fairs where the attendance greatly exceeds that of Iowa, but no other can approach in the number and quality of her live stock, farm implements, vehicle and machinery exhibits. I know it has become quite monotonous to remark "the fair promises better than ever", or that the last one was bigger and more successful than any before; but what else can I say at this time than to tell the truth. Not only was the attendance the largest in the history of the fair, but the exhibits and number of exhibitors greatly exceeded those at any previous exhibition. Over thirteen thousand entries were recorded by the fourteen hundred exhibitors, and thirty-nine thousand dollars in cash prizes distributed to about nine hundred of the fourteen hundred ex- hibitors. Of the five hundred remaining exhibitors not receiving pre- miums, three hundred and twenty-five were entered in departments where no cash prizes were offered, leaving less than two hundred, or only about eighteen per cent of the total number of exhibitors, who re- ceived no cash premiums. This tells the story of the keen competition presented by the exhibitors in the various departments. Never in the history of any state fair was a larger number or better quality of horses, breeding cattle, sheep and swine led into the show ring for the judges to pass upon than at the last Iowa State Fair and Expo- sition. The aggregate number of breeding animals entered was fifty per cent larger than the entries for the great International Live Stock Show which closes at Chicago tomorrow. It is true that they had about seventy more entries of breeding cattle, but the entries of horses, sheep and swine at Iowa exceeded those at the International. The total num- ber of individual entries was substantially as follows: Iowa State Fair International Live and Exposition. Stock Show. Breeding cattle 820 888 Horses 765 628 Sheep 600 550 Swine 2275 None 4460 2066 Go where you will among the breeders and exhibitors of pure bred live stock and you will hear them prasing the exhibit of stock at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition. They will also tell how highly a rib- bon won in competition at this annual show is prized by the exhibitor. With this large exhibit is it any wonder that a judge is sometimes be- wildered and at a loss to know where to tie the ribbons. At that there is far less friction and complaint of the judging of stock at the Iowa Fair than at any of the other big shows. Four hundred and fifty ex- hibitors represent the number of breeders participating in the great stock show at the last fair. The magnitude of the exhibit of farm implements, machinery, ve- hicles, fencing, labor saving tools, and devices of all kinds and makes is NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 137 incomprehensible to any one who did not visit the fair. Three hundred and twenty exhibitors occupied space in this department and showed everything from a tin pail to a silo, from a wire stretcher to a wire making machine, from a ball of binding twine to a machine for making same, from a cream separator to a threshing machine, from the smallest gasoline engine to the largest traction engine, and about one million or less other articles not herewith mentioned. A conservative estimate of this exhibit could be placed at one million dollars. The manufacturer not only places his goods on exhibition, but calls in his large corps of experts to instruct and explain the workings of his machine. It is the only place where the dealer or consumer can make a personal inspec- tion of the various makes of machines, vehicles, or labor saving tools, as it may be, without a great loss of time and needless expense. It is jecoming quite common now to hear the remark by some farmer who wants a new potato digger, gasoline engine, grain drill, pulverizer, or other new piece of machinery, that he expects to wait until he can look over the various makes exhibited at the state fair. Rarely does a day or week pass that we do not receive a communication from some farmer asking for the name and address of the manufacturer or dealer who exhibited some article in this department which attracted his at- tention and which he is now ready to buy. That is a part of the edu- cational feature of the fair; exhibits in all departments are of equal educational value. In the dairy department will be found the cream separator, churn, ice cream freezer, and other manufactured articles for use of the farmer and dairyman. In the poultry department will be found specimens of birds that help to make the profits from the poul- try industry of Iowa run into the millions each year. It is really too bad that a suitable building of sufficient size to properly arrange and show the magnificent display of plants and cut flowers is not available. The beauty of this exhibit is practically lost by reason of inadequate and inappropriate quarters. The number of exhibitors and entries in the various departments of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition follow: Number of Number of Department. Exhibitors. Entries. Horses 88 1,157 Cattle 82 1,085 Swine 224 2,505 Sheep 26 619 Poultry 67 776 Agriculture 107 884 Farm implements and machinery 319 Pantry and apiary 91 1,351 Dairy 115 115 Horticulture 28 1,046 Floriculture 19 207 Fine arts 225 3,336 1,391 13,081 138 • IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Every effort was made by the management to provide a high, class and pleasing amusement program. Some little criticism was heard in regard to charging admission for the evening show in the stock pavilion by those who thought it should have been free. Had no admission been charged no show would have been given. The receipts, with a packed house every night, barely paid the expense. The show was provided to take care of the overflow from the ampitheater at night and to further provide ad- ditional entertainment for tnose desiring it. Indeed, the receipts for the whole amusement program are but slightly in excess of the ex- penditures. It is not the purpose or intention of the management in arranging the amusement program that it will be a source of revenue in excess of its cost, but to merely provide such diversification from the daily program as the public demands. The attendance this year was practically 208,000, showing an increase of about twenty-one per cent over the previous pear. This increase can primarily be attributed to the loyal support of the country, city and agri- cultural press, for never in the history of the state fair had it received the support accorded it by the press as during the past season. Many thanks are also due to the business organizations of this city that worked so faithfully for the success of the fair. To Secretary Botsford of the Des Moines Commercial Club and those associated with him, the people of Iowa owe a vote of thanks for the assistance they rendered in securing from the railways the rate which had always been granted previous to 1907, viz.: three cents a mile for the round trip from any point in Iowa. There is still room for a greatly increased attendance. There is no reason why the Iowa State Fair should not equal or exceed the annual atten- dance at the Canadian National Exhibition at Toronto, which reached the three-quarter million mark the past season. "While it is true that the annual exhibition at Toronto is the only one of importance in eastern Canada, still, with the population of Iowa, the annual attendance can easily be brought up to thribble what it was this year. Before this can be accomplished, however, the state must provide proper and adequate equipment to shelter the exhibits and facilitate the handling of the crowds. In only one or two respects does the National Exhibition at Toronto ex- ceed. It has the most modern and up-to-date buildings of any of the great fairs, and more of them. The exhibit of manufactured articles in process of manufacture at Toronto equals that shown at some of our national expositions. The showing of live stock, however, is small compared to that of Iowa. In Iowa we have built up a great exposition and exhibit, but it is only a question of how long she may continue to grow and hold her exhibitors unless the state quickly recognizes the needs of the fair and provides more liberally for additional equipment. IMPEOVEMENTS. There was expended for improvements at the State Fair Grounds the past season fifty-eight thousand, three hundred dollars. This added to the forty-one thousand four hundred dollars expended in 1907 brings the amount for improvements in the past two years, from the receipts of the Fair, to ninety-nine thousand seven hundred dollars. In the five years preceding 1907 improvements to the amount of ninety-nine thousand were NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 139 made from fair receipts, bringing the total amount expended on improve- ments at the State Fair and Exposition Grounds to one hundred ninety- eight thousand seven hundred dollars within the past seven years, every dollar of which came from fair receipts. In that same period appropria- tions to the amount of one hundred and fifty-nine tnousand dollars were made by the Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth and Thirty-second General Assem- blies, for the erection of the stock pavillion, agricultural building and swine barn. It can readily be seen by this statement of facts that no small amount of work for the betterment of the State Fair and Exposi- tion is annually made from the net profits of the fair. To the equipment there was added the present year an Administration Builamg, the second section of the proposed horse barn, extension to the electric light and power plant, new walks laid and improvements to streets continued, the remodeling of old buildings to better suit the purposes for which they must be used, and many other improvements of a minor nature. The following table shows the amounts expended for permanent im- provements within the past seven years: From moneys From moneys Total amount taken from appropriated by fair receipts. 1902 $26,400.00 1903 18,000.00 1904 12,600.00 1905 12,000.00 1906 30,000.00 1907 41,400.00 1908 58,300.00 Total $198,700.00 the general assembly. $37,000.00 47,000.00 75,000.00 $159,000.00 permanent improvements. $63,400.00 18,000.00 59,600.00 12,000.00 30,000.00 116,400.00 58,300.00 $357,700.00 NEEDED ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT FOR THE STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION GROUNDS. We hardly know where to begin, or stop, in mentioning the many needed improvements before the grounds is adequately equipped to properly shelter the exhibits and handle the crowds, or in keeping wath the pace set by other states in building up their state fairs. At the Canadian National Exposition at Toronto more money was used in the construc- tion of an amphitheater than the State of Iowa has all told put into buildings at the State Fair grounds. The plant at that place is now valued at approximately one and one-half million dollars. The State of Ohio places a value of one million upon their state fair grounds; they have no buildings but what are constructed of steel, concrete and brick, and are annually adding to the equipment. Illinois has a grounds wuth improvements of even greater value than Ohio. In Missouri, the youngest of the galaxy of state fairs now maintained by all of the best states, in the seven years of its existence they have set the pace in the construction of buildings and other equipment by constructing fire-proof buildings. Over five hundred thousand dollars has been appropriated by the Missouri legislature for buildings since its establishment seven years ago. In Iowa we need: 140 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE First. An amphitheater of fire proof construction, with a capacity of not less than fifteen thousand. Second. Additional land that will permit of the removal of the race track, giving more room where most needed. Third. A building or shed for the shelter of farm implements and machinery. Fourth. A manufacturers' and liberal arts building in place of the old fire trap of an exposition building. Fifth. An appropriation for the completion of the show pavilion for swine, left unfinished for lack of funds from the last general assembly. Sixth. A dairy and horticultural building. Seventh. Sewer system. Eighth. Additional equipment and machinery for the extension of the electric light and power plant. Ninth. Sheep barn, and completion of the horse and cattle barns. Tenth. A large auditorium for the holding of gatherings and meetings of farmers, breeders, etc. And so I could go on indefinitely. A part of these improvements will be made in the future, as in the past, from the state fair receipts, but all of the larger buildings must be provided here, as elsewhere, with funds appropriated by the state legislature. At a meeting of the State Board of Agriculture tomorrow these matters will be taken up and some action taken with reference to recommendations to be made to the Thirty-third General Assembly. FINANCES. As will be shown by the statement following, the department had at the opening of the fiscal year, December 1, 1907, a cash balance of $35,327.90. The total receipts from all sources during the year were $143,027.6*1, bringing the total credits to $178,355.51. Of the receipts for the year $138,764.66 came from the fair, and $4,262.95 from other sources. The net increase of receipts from the last fair showed a gain of thirty- three per cent over that of 1907 — in dollars and cents amounting to ex- actly $34,407.91. Of this amount $24,350.00 was received from increased ticket sales, $6,285.00 additional revenue from concessions, $1,762.00 in- crease in the amount of entrance fees in the speed department, and the balance made up of a net increase of receipts in the various departments; but one department showing a decrease over 1907. Premiums aggregat- ing $38,744.56 were paid; an increase of $3,239.77, or about ten per cent, over 1907. The net expense for the 1908 State Fair was $94,539.21; the net profit was $44,191.45. The Board anticipated over $23,000.00 of the net profit, which was expended for improvements. Our statement shows a cash balance of $25,328.73 at the close of the fiscal year, November 30, 1908. From this, however, must be deducted the balance still due on contracts for the past year, amounting to $4,715.36, plus unpaid warrants of $381.39, amounting in all to $5,096.75; thus leaving a net balance to profit of $20,231.98. So far as we have been able to ascertain, there is but one other state fair showing larger receipts than Iowa, this being ivlinnesota. The Texas and Michigan State Fairs show larger receipts but work under an entirely NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 141 different plan. At both of these pool and liquor privilege is sold. The Texas Fair runs two weeks; has from twenty-five to forty bookmakers working, who pay from one to two hundred dollars per day for the privi- lege; has racing on three Sundays, when the attendance is universally larger than upon any other day; and a bar occupies most of the space under the amphitheater (this also being the case at Detroit.) This will explain why certain other fairs show larger receipts than low^a. However, the time is coming, and very quickly, when these concessions will be excluded from such exhibits. STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT. RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS, IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRI- CULTURE, FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING NOV. 30, 1908. RECEIPTS. Cash balance Dec. 1, 1907 $ 35,327.90 From rentals and miscellaneous collections by the Superintendent of Fair Grounds $ 1,309.09 From state appropriation for insurance 1,000.00 From interest 862.85 From fees, division of horse breeding 1,054.00 From miscellaneous receipts 37.01 4,262.95 By receipts from 1908 low^a State Fair and Exposi- tion: From entry fees, speed department 6,079.10 From sale of exhibitor's tickets 2,614.00 From sale of forage 4,362.15 From various live stock breeding associations for special premiums 1,700.26 From revenues in concession department 20,259.71 From stall rentals, stock departments 3,144.10 From rental of light and power 394.95 From rental of space in machinery, agricultural dairy and women's departments 4,686.85 From miscellaneous sources 628.09 From sale of tickets 94,895.45 $138,764.66 $178,355.51 DISBUESEMEXTS. To expense warrants paid by Treasurer: Issue of 1907 and former years $ 7.19 issue of 1908 and former years 114,340.72 $114,347.91 To premium warrants paid by Treasurer: Issue of 1907 and former years 122.00 Issue of 1908 and former years 38,556.87 $ 38,678.87 To cash balance Nov. 30, 1908 ' 25,328.73 To balance disbursements $178,355.51 142 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE STATEMENT OF EXPENSE AND PREMIUM WARRANTS ISSUED DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING NOV. 30, 1908. Improvement and repairs: Water system $ lO.oo Extension of electric light and power plant 1,834.30 Streets 999.O4 ■Walks 278.69 Second section of horse barn 10,221.91 Administration building 31,648.76 Trees and shrubbery $ 68.63 New roofing 41.5. dO Reselling race track 114.60 Painting 629.32 Hardware 478.65 Lumber 316.22 Moving old buildings 320.00 Sewers 293.22 Amphitheater 230.45 Turnstiles and exits 130.10 Sheet metal w^ork 220.91 Ticket offices 51.00 Score board 40.00 Remodeling poultry building 871.76 Fixtures for post office ^0.00 Horse barns 2,388.66 Furniture for dining hall 295.45 Grading 380.60 Stock pavilion 103.55 New tools, implements and vehicles... 233.20 Miscellaneous 1,048.97 8,670.99 $ 53,663.69 Expenses other than for improvements of fair: Insurance 1,670.00 Fair grounds maintenance 1,509.00 Expenses committee on noxious weeds 17.13 1907 bills paid in 1908 151.38 State Farmers' Institute and Agricultural Con- vention 175.27 Board meetings 757.70 Clerk hire 360.00 Miscellaneous 334.60 4,975.08 Expense State Fair and Exposition of 1908: Postage 703.50 Advertising 7,485.63 Meetings of executive committee 584.75 Expense special committee work 1,065.04 Express, telegraph and telephone 313.32 Printing , 1,961.15 NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 143 Expense State Fair and Exposition of 1908 — Continued. Forage 4,423.03 Clerk hire 3,034.95 Music and amusements 14,888.45 Privilege department 963.08 Light and power department 1,370.94 President's department 98.20 Ticket department 316.15 Police department 2,379.18 Treasurer's and ticket sellers' department 1,144.23 Admission department 2,397.91 Speed department 621.90 Horse department 920.85 Cattle department 783.86 Swine department 576.75 Sheep and poultry department 365.75 Implement and machinery department 389.70 Agricultural department 610.75 Dairy department 276.45 Horticultural department 134.35 Floricultural deparment 75.00 Women's department 620.30 Judging contest 50.65 Rest cottage and hospital 68.55 Auditing committee 68.30 Dues American Association of Fairs and Expo- sitions 35.00 Lumber 65.94 Pay rolls for labor and miscellaneous work 3,047.05 Water rental 191.59 Decorations and flags 417.95 Photograhs 72.00 Janitor service 161.50 Refund of admissions 6.25 Freight 37.91 Supplies 441.61 Rental of tents 387.75 Map of grounds 18.30 Premium badges 610.17 Planting and cultivating flowers 408.42 Scavenger work 27 7.50 Team work 563.29 Premiums paid by expense warrants 313.00 Laundry work for hospital 4.65 Fencing 96.10 $ 55,848.65 144 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Premiums paid: On horses $6,046.00 On cattle 8,848.26 On swine 3,168.00 On sheep 1,939.00 On poultry 7y5.50 On agricultural products 2,932.50 On pantry and kitchen products 756.50 On dairy pdoducts 6u2.00 On fruits 860.50 On plants and flowers ' 815.80 On art and fancy w^ork 1,786.50 On speed racing 9,360.00 On scholarships 500.00 On winter corn exhibit 334.00 38,744.56 94,593.21 $153,231.98 ]\Ir. President : We will now listen to the report of the Treas- urer, Mr. G. S. Gilbertson. TREASURER'S REPORT. To the Directors of the lotva State Board of Agriculture: Gentlemen : — I present here-vith report of receipts and disbursements for the year ending November 30, 1908, as follows: EECEIPTS. Received from G. D. Ellyson, Treasurer $ 35,327.90 Received from gate receipts (day general admis- sions) $ 71,725.50 Received from gate receipts (evening general ad- missions) 1,403.50 Received from amphitheater receipts (day) 7,777.00 Received from amphitheater receipts (evening) . . 5,830.50 Received from amphitheater reserved seats 2,286.75 Received from quarter stretch tickets 875.50 Received from live stock pavilion tickets 3,562.70 • Received from campers' tickets 1,434.00 94,895.45 Received from Supt. Horticulture and Agriculture. 415.00 Received from Supt. Swine Department 1,179.00 Received from Supt. Sheep and Poultry 355.10 Received from Supt. Horse Department 712.00 Received from Supt. Fine Arts 2,357.00 Received from Supt. Dairy Department 724.35 Received from Supt. of Grounds 1,309.09 Received from Supt. of Grounds for Electric Light Rental 394.95 Received from Supt. Cattle Department 898.00 NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 145 Received from Supt. of Machinery Department... 1,190.50 Received from Supt. of Privileges 20,259.71 Received from Secretary 18,337.46 $178,355.51 December 1, 1908, Balance on hand $ 25,328.73 DISBURSEME>rTS, Paid expense warrants $114,347.91 Paid premium warrants 38,678.87 Balance on hand 25,328.73 $178,355.51 Respectfully submitted this 9th day of December, 1908. G. S. GiLBERTSOX, Treasurer. REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOR THE YEAR 1908. To is Excellency. Hon. Warren Garst, Governor: In compliance with the instruction of the Executive Council, we as a committee duly appointed to examine the books of the Department of Agriculture for the year 1908, as provided by section 1657-a, Supplement to Code of 1897, beg leave to report that we have examined the vouchers for warrants drawn, and compared the same, and examined the accounts of money received into its treasury, a detailed account of the same being attached, and made a part of this report. Your committee find that no warrants have been drawn except on duly authenticated vouchers which are on file duly numbered with warrant number. We also commend the secretary of this department, for efficiency of the system of bookkeeping in vogue in his office. A. H. Grisell, C. W. Hoffman, J. C. Flexxikex. 10 146 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE IOWA STATE DEPARTMENT Showing Receipts and Disbursements of Iowa State Fair and Other Sources and Net Profit of Fair for Each Receipts Year 5S0 > p 0) CO ag,a -0 a 2 m a h 1896 $ 116.79 28,616.55 34,214.93 30,372.25 28,963.11 29,657.23 39,976.34 50,294.87 35,327.90 $ 36,622.10 50,712.91 63,084.71 59,838.56 66,100.36 84,786.25 110,929.85 104,356.75 138,764.66 $ 7,000.00 1,000.00 38,000.00 1,000.00 48,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 76,000.00 1,000.00 $ 6,710.22 2,753.82 3,037.06 3,140.79 2,622.03 2,840.92 3,717.16 5,452.34 3,262.95 $ 50,332.32 54,466.73 104,121.77 63,979.35 116,722.39 88,627.17 115,617.01 185,809.09 143,027.61 $ 50,449.11 83,083.28 138,366.70 94,351.60 145,685.50 118,2&4.49 155,623.35 236,103.96 178,355.51 $ 16,404.29 1901 19,203.83 1902 $ 12,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 21,736.31 1903 1904 23,813.13 24,691.68 1905 28.730.89 1906 1907 1908 31,703,94 35,504.79 38,744.58 $ 678,574.05 $ 174,000.00 $ 26,827.07 $ 872,401.12 $ 2^.129.13 NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 147 OF AGRICULTURE FOR YEARS OF 1896, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908 Expenditures, Together With Amount Expended for Improvements, Repairs, etc., and of the Years Named. { Disbursements Profits of Fair U V |8 III d IIS u o ^ u ■1=: '^ Previous year's bus- iness or outstandl 'g warrants 3 o a t 1 o -H m OS fl.t: m (C o u P. %\^ V^\ 06 *5 '7 471 Qt $14 019 88 « ?iS 2J.7 2S $ 152.84 34,244.93 30,372.25 28,963.11 29,657.23 39,976.34 50,294.87 35,327.90 25,328.73 $ 53,400.12 83,083.28 138,366.70 94,351.60 145,685.50 118,284.40 155,623.35 236,103.96 178,355.51 $ 36,622.10 50,712.91 63,084. n 59,838.56 66,100.36 84,786.25 110,929.85 104,356.75 138,764.66 $ 31,807.35$ 4.814.75 13,925.87 20,073.31 21,989.56 28,485.42 34,408.62 40,315.60 43,647.20 55,848.65 13,378.73 63,4.57.12 17,855.77 59,641.11 11,963.09 30,035.33 116,459.05 53,663.69 2,313.44 2,608.69 1,704.83 3,195.43 3,345.27 3,385.87 5,043.03 4,975.50 48,821.87 107,875.46 65,363.29 116,013.64 78,447.87 105,440.74 200,6^.07 153,231.98 % 16.48 118.99 25.20 14.63 139.81 112.26 176.19 381.39 33,129.70 41,809.65 45,802.69 53,177.10 63,139.51 72,459.39 79,151.99 94,-593.21 17,583.21 21,275.06 14,035.87 12,823.20 21,646.74 38,470.46 25,204.76 44,171.45 $258,694.26 ^66,453.89 $26,522.06 $875,848.92 $715,196.15 $515,170.59 $200,025.56 148 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ]\Ir. President : We have with us this morning a gentleman from Ohio whom I know is competent and well qualified to talk to you upon the subject assigned him. I know that the gentlemen who were at the fair managers' meeting last night were pleased with the address he made, and it is with pleasure that I introduce to you Mr. A. P. Sandles. THE PURPOSE AND FIELD OF STATE FAIRS AND EXPOSITIONS. HOX. A. P. SANDLES, COLUMBUS, OHIO. What I say to you this morning I don't want you to call a speech. I am just going to talk to you a little while. In fact, I don't want you to call it a speech for a very good reason; for the same reason a little boy gave his grandma one time. Johnnie was siding down the baluster one day and grandma saw him. She said, "Johnnie, you must not do that; I would not do that." Johnnie said, "No, grandma, you couldn't." And that is one of the reasons why I am not going to make a speech and just want to talk to you a little v>hile. I am certainly glad to come out here to Iowa. When I received a letter from Mr. Simpson I could not resist it. I don't know who could resist Simpson. You know the railway conductors always say they shed tears when John gets off the train. I nonestly believe if John was bald- headed he could go out and sell hair restorer. He has been so active and is one of the main spokes in the wheel in our association known as the American Association of State Fairs and Expositions at Chicago. I know him so well that, as I say, I can hardly resist him. I am glad to come out here on this occasion. I have been interested in agriculture all my life; in fact, I was born in a log house close to the poor house; that is why I am poor. I am what is known as a farm product, home- grown and hand-spanked. I am quite sure you know that Iowa is far in the lead in this work and your state fair has won distinction; it is in the front rank. And your agricultural college at Ames is another institution that is making Iowa famous. Sometimes these things at home, these men and women at home, don't get the full appreciation they should have and go somewhere else. We are somewhat inclined to think that the good things are away over yonder; that is not true, the gold is right at your feet. I say that this institution at Ames is one of the engine rooms of the nation; it is going to drive back the darkness and drive us on to progress. This report of the department of agriculture which was read to you this morning I am sure must be a great source of gratification to all of you. Do you know- that the statesman, the philosopher and the scholar are all agreed and sing the praises of agriculture and those who plow and farm the earth. It is only the cheap politician who fails to give full weight to agriculture it ought to have. In Ohio about three or four years ago we had a governor elected and a legislature who forgot about the farmers and agricultural interests and ignored these Interests and appropriations and the very laws asked for by the people. When the next election came along that NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 149 governor was defeated and the complexion of the legislature almost changed. The farmers in my state, and I suspect it is true in this state, pay one-half of the taxes. Why shouldn't they have their share of the distribution? After that election they woke up and discovered that they were like the lighting bug. You know someone has said: "The lightning bug is a brilliant thing, But the insect has no mind, So it goes on stumbling through the world With its headlight on behind." That about is what happens to the men who fail to give full credence to agriculture. There is no other occupation that means so much to the welfare of this nation as agriculture. Gibbons said "Agriculture is the foundation of commerce." George Washington said, "Agriculture is the most useful, the most importaijt of all occupations." What was true then Is true now, Andrew Jackson said, "Agriculture is connected with every other interest of the country and is superior in importance to them all." And so the historian, the scholar, and the statesman have given the credit that belongs to agriculture. Did you ever go to Washington and visit the great Congressional Library building? You will be astonished at the magnificence and magnitude. As you go inside, the beauty and magni- tude dawns upon you and you unconsciously take off your hat, and the respect grows into reverence. All that man could do to make the build- ing splendid and wonderful has been done. As you go up one of the spacious stairways you see one of the most wonderful and remarkable pictures on the wall known as the "Mosaic Minerva." The remarkable thing about it is that it is made all of little blocl?s of marble; every fea- ture, eyes, nose, mouth, etc., are worked out in these little blocks of marble. IMinerva, Goddess of Wisdom. She is holding in the left hand a scroll on which is inscribed the names of the arts, professions and occupations — law, theology, medicine — but above all, and first of all, is the one word "Agriculture"; it leads all the rest; the second just below is "Education." My friends, it seems to me that this great artist must have had the true conception of v.'hat it takes to build up a commonwealth. Agriculture and education are indeed necessary. As I said, I feel timid about coming out to this state where you are doing such great work and have so many eminent men. When I come in my weak way I feel just a little like one of the men in a story told by Mr. Hoar of the United States Senate: One was a very large man and the other a very small man. The quarrel between them became so in- tense that finally the large man challenged the little man to fight a duel. That gave the little man the choice of weapons, and he chose guns. This gave the little man an advantage because he would have a larger mark to shoot at. They finally compromised by having the little man stand up in front of the large man and a friend marked off his size and shape on the big man; then he was to shoot inside that mark, nothing outside was to count. So if what I say does not come up to your expectations, don't count it; it is outside of the chalk. I believe the mission of the state fair is to encourage better agricul- ture. I believe it will induce men to mix brains with their work and 150 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE sweat. I believe it will urge them to better efforts, more intelligent farming, more intelligent breeding, and if it does that it will accomplish a great purpose. Don't you know it is more profitable to raise good ani- mals than it is to raise the scrub, the plug? As I said to you last night, a first class animal seldom has a second class owner. When you improve the breed you also improve the race of man who breeds these animals. Our agricultural experiment stations work in the field of research and investigation. They find out truths and scatter them broadcast. You learn their results; but suppose you don't put them into action in your everyday life, it won't do you much good. The state fair is the place that shows who has learned his lesson best and can deliver the goods; it is the comparison of ideas and results. As was said last night by our friend from Ames: The first time he went out with his cattle he thought he had the best there was; but when he got there and found his neigh- bor had so much better stuff he was discouraged, but he had new ideas. The fellow who never goes out imagines he has the best there is and is likely to be bigoted and stuck up. It is a good thing for everybody once in a while to be worsted. If everyone in this world could have just one half of what they would like to have they would have more than their share, wouldn't they? The state fair is one of the best places I know of to take the conceit out of men. If they think they have the best just let them go to the state fair; they will soon find out they have not. There is no better way to let the people appreciate what a great state you have than to come to the state fair. They see what other places or states are doing and think more of it. This business of agriculture, raising corn, wheat and live stock, is a breeder of patriotism as well. You know when you give a man a home, a fine house and fine animals of every kind, that man is a patriot. You know when this country has needed volunteers that the farm boys have come along and helped take care of "Old Glory" and kept the stars in the flag. Agriculture is a breeder of patriotism. Agriculture, the state fair, our farmers' institutes, our judging contests, our experiment stations, are all educators, and that is indeed the greatest purpose of the state fair. The state fair is the one place that teaches to distinguish what man, what brains, what push and energy can accom- plish. I wish everybody in the state of Iowa might read that splendid address made by President McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, the day previous to his assassination. To Americans and Amer- ican institutions he pays a noble tribute. He said, "Fairs and expositions are the timekeepers which mark the progress of nations. They record the world's advancement. They stimulate the energy, enterprise and in- tellect of people and quicken human genius. They go into the home. They broaden and brighten the daily life of the people. They open mighty store-houses of information to the student. Every fair or exposi- tion, great or small, has helped to some onward step. Comparison of ideas is always educational, and as such instructs the brain and hand of man." History does not tell of a single fair or exposition during the dark ages. Point out the states and nations that have done most in fostering fairs and expositions, and I will show you the nations that have gained supremacy in the commercial world. If China ccrald have one good fair like you have, or like one of our world's fairs, it would do mor(« NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 151 to waken up that sleepy old empire than anything else that could happen. It costs money, but good things do cost money. Somebody has said that it costs more to live today than ever before. But it is worth more, isn't it? Costs money, yet my good friends we are willing to pay for good things. Over here is Russia with only three cents per capita for educa- tion; but Russia, greatest in area, greatest in numbers, stands before the world today humiliated by the little island of Japan. We would not trade with Russia. Someone has said, "If you educate a boy you will have an educated man. Educate a girl and you educate a whole family." I believe we heard last night about these classes in judging. That is splendid; that makes strong men and helps push this state along. I un- derstand that you have a great corn country out here; I know you have, and corn is a wonderful crop and means so much to you. The corn crop in this country in 1906 was a little more than three billion bushels, while the rest of the world produced less than one billion. If that great corn crop could be loaded in wagons, forty bushels to the load, drawn by a team of horses, and started out it would reach six and one-half times around the world. That is the magnitude of the corn crop in this country every year. If this procession would proceed in a straight line, the first wagon would be one hundred and fifty thousand miles away before the last one started. According to the increase in population in this country, by 1950 we will have more than two hundred millions of people in this country. We do not produce more than one-half enough to feed that many now. It is our business to find out how we can raise more corn on one acre of ground next year than we do this, more wheat on one acre of ground. We must know how to feed these people. When people are hungry is when they form mobs and defy the law. J. J. Hill made a wonderful address at the Minnesota State Fair Grounds. He pointed out some of the things, and it was a remarkable speech, the facts and data he had gathered and put into that speech. It is startling almost how we are wasting our natural resources and our forests. Our fine state fairs can show us how to improve the breeds, people coming together showing the products of the soil. If this will help us to preserve the fertility of the soil and keep the fields from becoming barren, the state fairs will have a great purpose. On the banks of the River Rhine stands a castle, the scene of many gatherings. On the walls of this castle hang three pictures, each of which tells a story. The first is that of a soldier, in his hand a musket, and just below is the inscription, "I fight for all." We need the soldier to save this country when it has to be saved. The next picture is that of a priest arrayed in ministerial garb, in his hand the Bible, and just below is written, "I pray for all." We need somebody to help us keep the way. The third picture is that of a man in the field at work, in his hands a hoe, and on his brow the sweat of honest toil, and just below is the in- scription, "I feed them all." My good friends, that is a cheering message, but the man has to keep on toiling, sweating, and working because after all that is the corner stone of this matter. The man who drops a grain of corn into the ground and persuades it to germinate and materialize has both feet resting on the corner stone of his nation. 152 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE I think the U. S. Report of Agriculture shows the greatest average yield of corn ever had in this state was in 1906, 39.5 bushels, the highest average reported by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. That depart- ment has its crop reporters scattered all over the state. The lowest you ever had was in 1901, 25 bushels; that seems to be the minimum report by the department and 39.5 is the highest. In 1906 the greatest corn year was reported by the Department of Agriculture in the United States; the average all over the United States was 30.3, a rather low average. Out in Ohio Mr. Simpson had no respect for my feelings and told what a big fair you have. I am going to get back on him now. In 1906 Ohio had the greatest corn yield per acre in the United States, 42.6 bushels. W© feel very proud of that. Of course that was one great year for corn. But now the lowest average ever reported by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in any state is down in South Carolina, where they had only 6.9 bushels in 1901; a very low average. While that is the lowest average reported by the Agricultural Department, yet it was down in South Carolina that the world's record v.as made for raising corn on one acre of ground. The American Agriculturalist, a farm paper published in New York City (You can write the editor and get an affidavit as to these facts if you don't want to believe me) can give you the facts on how this acre was fertilized, etc. A prize of $500 was offered for the person raising the most corn on one acre of ground. The offer was made a year or more in advance so that the ground might be prepared and put in proper condi- tion, and this man Drake, of Marlborough couniy, won the prize. This is, as I say, the world's record; it shows the extreme possibilities. After that corn was shelled and weighed it made 254 bushels and 49 pounds. I am giving you my authority, because you might think like Bill Nye said one time. He and a friend got to talking and telling stories, and Bill said, "My friend, I think there are three big liars in this town. I think I am one of them and you are the other two.' Perhaps you think I am all of them, but that is the recorded result, sworn to. It shows what is pos- sible when the ground is nourished, fertilized, cultivated. The matter of expense was not considered; the main or whole question was how much corn it was possible to raise on one acre. In Iowa 39 bushels is the best you have ever done. If this state fair in any way will educate the farmers to raise that average it is v/orth while. The average yield the first half of the last ten years was 23.8 bushels per acre. That is the average corn crop of the whole United States per acre. That same report shows that the last five years of the ten year period had increased to 27.4 per acre. That is an average increase of 3.6 bushels per acre in the last ten years. That is encouraging. And that report shows that one hundred millions of acres are cultuivated to corn in the United States every year; and that increased average means 3.600,000 bushels of corn more each year that we are raising. Corn at fifty cents per bushel; that means about $180,000,000, the increased amount of wealth we get from that increased average. It is lots of money, and if the state fairs, agri- cultural colleges, experiment stations, farmers' institutes, and corn shows are adding that much every year, then it is worth while to keep them up and maintain them. You are justified in asking the members of your legislature to help you, are you not? It don't cost anywhere near that NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 153 sum to maintain these institutions. When our state legislatures appro- priate money to promote the welfare of these institutions, and to make more thorough these investigations and researches, that money will bring more than one hundred cents on the dollar, and when you show it is a good investment your people will not object to a slight increase of taxes. People don't object to taxes if they get value received. Someone has said taxes are worse than death. Death comes only once but taxes come every year. The farmer is almost as unfortunate in this as the man: "Whose horse went dead and his mule went lame. And he lost his cows in a poker game; Then a hurricane came one summer day And blowed the house where he lived away. Then an earthquake came when that was gone And swallowed the ground the house stood on. Then the tax collector he came round, And taxed him up with ihe hole in the ground." In this matter of corn raising, my friends, it is a good investment to mix brains with your work. In Pennsylvania they had a Jersey cow that sold for $11,500.00. That is a hundred acre farm with the hide on. In Ohio we have a big bee farm and one queen bee sold for $100.00. That is an acre of dirt on the wing. That shows that great interest is being taken. It shows that some people are getting interested in their business. An ear of corn was sold at Ames for $150.00 The ear weighed nineteen ounces, selling at the rate of $9,000.00 a bushel, which is a hundred acre farm in a bushel basket. I heard a gentleman from Ames telling the other day about ten ears of corn having won $7,000.00 in prizes. That is about $700.00 for an ear of corn. You can get more inspiration when a man goes to a fair and gets a prize. If a man can beat his neighbor that is enough glory; it is an honor and distinction of winning this prize. I like a man who has ambition. The fair ground is a great battle ground. That is where neighbor and friend come in and try to conquer by skill. The man who does these things counts for more in the long run. These men on the broad prairies of Iowa will do more to keep "Old Glory" floating than those gamblers down in Wall Street. We are a great big neighborhood, that is all. You may think you are doing your duty and that it is no concern of yours what someone else is doing. But we must keep up this good v/ork. You may keep your premises clear, but suppos- ing your neighbor allows a cesspool on his premises and that pool breeds a fatal disease? It may be that your children will be contaminated first; that mourning will hang on your door before it will hang on his. So it is of some concern to you what others are doing. This country of ours is a great big field; the state is a great big neighborhood; and the conditions . all over the country do concern you and you must have in your heart a desire to help your country and make your fellowmen better. I believe agriculture is the foundation of commerce. When granaries are full prosperity smiles; when depleted it frowns. Sometimes we hear about the boys leaving the farm. We often hear it discussed how to keep the boys on the farm. I don't know the solution, but I do know that when the farm boy can do himself and his country more good by leaving the farm he has my permission to go. This in- 154 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE tellectual farming is going to do a whole lot of good for this country. When you come to ask your legislature to help you I don't believe they will refuse any of your just demands. You ought to have your share of the taxes paid in. What right has any set of men to refuse to give to those who produce what they ask. I expect I have talked long enough. I want to wish everybody well in this state. You have good live men out here; I think everyone of you are live wires. I am not sure I said it last night, but I think every one of you can swim upstream; you are independent. In the east you are becoming famous as becoming independent fellows. Count one. Do something. Be not only good, but good for something. This education that is going on is going to be the salvation of this country. We have men who in their mad race for gold would sacrifice almost everything; they don't care for the people on these broad acres. They have little conception of what it takes to make a great country or a great state. John D. Rockefeller's income is $60,000,000.00 a year; $1.90 every time the watch ticks; $114.00 every minute. I suspect that is more than his share. I suspect that that is evidence that some place he has had special favors or something like that. My good friends, it is not all you ought to do to plow, sow and farm. You want to pay some attention to your public affairs. It is a good thing when you find out about some of these things going on to just take a day off and raise another kind of crop — raise hell with those fellows. About ten tons to the acre is all right. I want to call your attention to this: In our state the farmers are getting tired of just having garden seed sent to them. They see all these things going on and hear about the congressmen down at Washington. Our farmers' institutes are passing resolutions that they don't want garden seeds. What they want is just and more favorable laws in the interest of agriculture. $250,000.00 is spent buying garden seeds of favored companies, usually left over from last year; $260,000.00 to $270,- 000.00 to rairoad companies to take these though the mail. Suppose they give your state fair $10,000.00 to help agriculture, or to colleges for giv- ing lectures. Would not that do more good? I am not sure they want to do so much for the farmers as for these favored companies. Another thing I want to call your attention to. The postmaster gen- eral last summer at a meeting of the Northeastern Postmasters' Associa- tion complained about some of the things in the postoffice department. Here is one of them: I don't know whether you people are in favor of the parcel post, but you can't have it; they w^on't let you have it, and there are as many reasons why you can't have it as there are express companies. You can get a copy of that address; it is splendid and full of information. He said if you want to send a one pound package from one town to another, take it to the postoffice and Uncle Sam will charge you one cent an ounce. If some foreigner would come up to that same postoffice window and want to send a four pound package across the ocean he could send that same package for one-half cent an ounce; not five miles, but five thousand or twice five thousand miles. That is the condition we are up against today. If you want to send a package weighing four pounds and one ounce they won't take it. The foreigner can come up with a package weighing eleven pounds and Uncle Sam will take it across the NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 155 seas. They do something for these foreigners that they won't do for their own people. It is all right to take a shot at such things once in a while It is all right for you to let your congressman know about it. It is your business to know something about politics. Just look up the definition of txiat word politics. It means public affairs; how to conduct the business of the town, township, county or nation. Follow up these things that support your agricultural colleges; raise more per acre on your land next year, and prosperity will come to you and it will be worth while living here. I am an optimist. I believe in looking on the bright side of life. In an art gallery is a picture whose face from one side looks like a frown; on the other side the lights and shadows so fall that a pleasant smile wreaths the face. It is a noticeable fact that those who go to see this picture linger longer on the side of the smile than on the side of the frown. " 'Twixt optimist and pessimist The difference is droll; The optimist sees the doughnut, But the pessimist sees the hole." Worry is what kills people. Look on the sunny side of life. Go back to the farm and take a new hold. Today is better than yesterday, and tomorrow will be better still. I am one of those fellows who would rather see Santa Glaus than to see a king. A hearty handshake is worth while. I am glad I came out here. I hope next year your wheat will make good flour, and the flour make good bread; that your hogs will make good pork. And if you ever come to Ohio I hope you will look me up. I don't know that I have said very much that will do much good, but I do know that your state fair is worth while. Stand by it; go back home and boost it. It is a good thing, and the suggestions made by your secretary and president are good. The very fact that you are asking for amendments to the law is a good sign that you are not satisfied with past conditions. I hope God will bless all of you and the devil miss all of you. AFTERNOON SESSION. The President: We will listen to the weather and crop report of Dr. Geo. M. Chappel. I take pleasure in presenting to you, for the first time, I think, Dr. Geo. M. Chappel, Director of the Weather and Crop Service. (Note — Dr. Chappel's report in full appears in Part I of this book.) : ; )! Dr. Chappel : I would suggest that some action be taken by this Board to have the township assessors in making their assessment next year, or, if too late, the next year, include in their reports the minor items in farm production (alfalfa, pop corn, etc.), so that we will have a basis to figure on. ine IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The Committee on Credentials submitted the following report and on motion of Mr. Grisell of Guthrie county the report was adopted and the committee discharged : REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CREDENTIALS. Your committee on Credentials beg leave to report as follows: Section 1657-d of the Code Supplement sets forth what organizations are entitled to representation and voice in the annual state agricultural convention as follows: "There shall be held in the capitol on the second Wednesday of Decem- ber, 1900, and annually thereafter, the state agricultural convention, com- posed of the state board of agriculture, together with the president or secretary of each county or district society entitled to receive aid from the state, or regularly elected delegate therefrom accredited in writing, who shall be a resident of the county; and in counties where there are no agricultural societies the board of supervisors may appoint a dele- gate who shall be a resident of the county. The president or an accred- ited representative of the following named associations shall be entitled to membership in said convention, to-wit: the state horticultural society, the dairy association, the improved stock breeders' association, the swine breeders' association, and each farmers' institute organized under the provisions of section 1675 of the Code. Provided, said farmers' institute has been organized at least one. year, and has reported to the state secre- tary of agriculture not later than November 1st, through its president and secretary or executive committee, that an institute was held according to law, the date thereof, the names and post office addresses of its officers. They shall also furnish the state secretary of agriculture with a copy of program of each institute hereafter held and one or more papers read before such institute, if papers are read. On all questions arising for a determination by the convention including the election of members of the board, each member present shall be entitled to but one vote, and no proxies shall be recognized by the convention." Your committee finds that eighty-four delegates have presented creden- tials and are entitled to a vote in the proceedings of this convention. Credentials have been presented from the following named organizations which have not complied with the law as set forth in the section just read in regard to filing report with the secretary of agriculture and are therefore not entitled to representation at this meeting: Warren County Farmers' Institute; Monroe County Farmers' Institute; Boone County Farmers' Institute; Cerro Gordo County Farmers' Institute. NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 157 DELEGATES FitOM COUNTY AND DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES. Adair County Agricultural Society A. C. Savage, Adair Audubon County Agricultural Society G. W. Hoover, Audubon Buena Vista County Agricultural Society A. L. Denio, Alta Calhoun County Fair Association C. G. Kaskey, Manson Cass County Fair Association Ed. Berg, Atlantic Northern Iowa Agricultural Society D. M. Arthur, Mason City Strawberry Point District Agricultural Society J. C. Flenniken, Strawberry Point Clinton County District Fair Association Carl J. Skinner, Clinton Davis County Agricultural Society H. C. Leach, Bloomfield Floyd County Agricultural Society John Waller, Charles City Grundy County Agricultural Society H. N. Dilley, Grundy Center Guthrie County Agricultural Society A. H. Grisell, Guthrie Center Hancock County Agricultural Society Jas. Manuel, Britt Hardin County Agricultural Society H. S. Martin, Eldora Henry County Agricultural Society, Mt. Pleasant. H. Arnold, Mt. Pleasant Victor District Agricultural Society J. P- Bowling, VictW Jackson County Agricultural Society Ed. Phillips, Maquoketa Jasper County Agricultural Society C. F. Sauerman, Colfax What Cheer District Agricultural Society F. H. Beeman, What Cheer Kossuth County Agricultural Society A. R. Corey, Wesley Lyon County Fair and Agricultural Society. .J. J. Harrison, Rock Rapids Madison County Agricultural Society T. J. Hudson, Winterset Lake Prairie District Agricultural Society, Pella Chas. Porter, Pella Marshall County Fair Assoc-iation J. B. Claussen, Green Mountain Monona County Fair Association Geo. Holbrook, Onawa Union District Agricultural Society, West Liberty. .J. L. Peters, W. Liberty O'Brien County Agricultural Society J. B. Murphy, Sutherland Shenandoah Fair Association Chas. Aldrich, Shenandoah Big Four District Fair Association, Fonda R. F. Beswick, Fonda Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society, Malcom James Novak, Malcom Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society, Grinnell Sam'l Jacob, Grinnell Sac County Agricultural Society W. L. Stum, Sac City Shelby County Agricultural Society L. H. Pickard, Shelby Tama County Fair Association E. Mericle, Toledo Creston District Fair Association W. W. Morrow, Afton Forest City Park and Fair Association V. A. Jones, Forest City Winneshiek County Agricultural Society E. J. Curtin, Decorah Worth County Agricultural Society Nels Thorson, Northwood Wright County Agricultural Society Sam Nelson, Clarion Inter-State Live Stock Fair Association, Sioux City.F. L. Eaton, Sioux City DELEGATES FROM FARMERS' INSTITUTES. Buena Vista County S. R. Haines, Storm Lake Cherokee County George Clarke, Cherokee Clinton County J- W. Coverdale, Elwood 158 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Dallas County Geo. M. Fox, Dallas Center Decatur County C. M. Akes, Leon Franklin County N. E. Ferris, Hampton Guthrie County S. J. Reed, Guthrie Center Hancock County Jno. W. Schwack, Stillson Polk County Geo. Swartf ager, Ankeny Marion County W. H. Simpson, Knoxville Mahaska County A. J. Lytle, Oskaloosa Monona County H. L. Persons, Onawa O'Brien County R- J. Morehead, Paullina Shelby County W. M. Bomberger, Harlan Story County W. P. George, Ames Union County L. Day, Afton DELEGATES FROM COUNTIES WHERE NO FAIRS WERE REPORTED Dallas County Geo. M. Fox, Dallas Center Decatur C. W. Hoffman, Leon Des Moines County Clarence Murphy, Burlintgon Emmet County Chas. C. Heer, Armstrong Franklin County T. W. Purcell, Hampton Greene County Albert Head, Jefferson Howard County Geo. Judd, Riceville Ida County . . . < B. M. Hester, Ida Grove Lucas County D. C. Johnson, Derby Monroe County N. S. Graham, Albia Palo Alto County C. H. Beckwenn Polk County Lou Burnett, Des Moines Wapello County H. R. Baker, Eldon STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Ex-oflBcio. State Veterinarian Dr. P. 0. Koto Officers. President C. E. Cameron, Alta Vice-President W. C. Brown, Clarion Secretary J. C. Simpson, Des Moines Treasurer G. S. Gilbertson, Des Moines District Members. First District R. S. Johnston, Columbus Junction Third District E. M. Reeves, Waverly Fourth District R. T. St. John, Riceville Fifth District S. B. Packard, Marshalltown Sixth District T. C. Legoe, What Cheer Seventh District C. F. Curtiss, Ames Eighth District John Ledgerwood, Osceola Ninth District M. McDonald, Bayard Tenth District O. A. Olson, Forest City Eleventh District H. L. Pike, Whiting NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 159 The Committee on Resolutions made the following report which, on motion of INIr. Clark of Marshall county, was adopted: REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS. STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION. Dec. 9, 1908. Your Committee on Resolutions submit the following report: We congratulate the people of Iowa on the excellent management of its Agricultural Department and commend the officials for the unpar- alleled success of the 1908 fair. The extensive exhibits of fruit and corn at this meeting fully main- tains the high standard heretofore reached and demonstrates the wisdom of the department in its work along educational Imes. We extend our hearty thanks to the faculty of the college at Ames for the assistance given the farmers of the state in the Short Course meet- ings, farmers' institutes and other organizations working for the ad- vancement of the farming and stock breeding industries of the state. Our thanks are due and hereby tendered to the Thirty-second General Assembly and especially to Senator B. W. Newberry for the passage of the pure food bill, stock food, agricultural seed bills, pure paint, drug and twine laws; also for the interest manifested in the investigation of bovine tuberculosis and noxious weeds. We heartily commend the recommendations of Secretary Simpson for a larger support fund and would ask the Thirty-third General Assembly to so amend existing laws that the Department of Agriculture may be en- abled to issue bulletins from time to time containing such information as would be of interest to agricultural, stock raising, dairying, and other allied interests of the state. We would urge upon the legislature the amending of existing laws so that the statistics on live stock and other information relative to agriculture, agricultural products, acreage and labor, by townships, can be collected and distributed annually through the Department of Agriculture. We extend our thanks to Hon. A. P. Sandles of Ohio for his interest- ing and instructive address before the convention. The present accommodations for the proper care and display of stock and farm products at the State Fair are inadequate and require enlargement in nearly every department. Therefore be it. Resolved, That it is the sense of this convention that liberal appro- priations should be made by the Thirty-third General Assembly for the erection of an amphitheater, a manufacturers' and liberal arts build- ing, a dairy and horticultural hall, and for such other buildings as the society may require. Resolved, That we commend the efforts being made to stamp out bovine tuberculosis and recommend that actual and thorough work be continued along the lines already laid down. Respectfully submitted, (Signed) W. M. Clark, C. P. Sauebman, W. P. George. Committee on Resolutions. 160 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ]\Ir. President : Next in order will be the election of the follow- ing officers : President, Vice-President, Members of the Board from the Second, Fourth, Sixth, Eighth and Tenth Districts. The fol- lowing are appointed tellers for the election of officers : Nels Thorn- son of Worth county, T. W. Purcell of Franklin county, and J. W. Coverdale of Clinton county. Vice-President Brown took the chair and called for nominations for President. Mr. Denio of Buena Vista county placed in nomin- ation Mr. C. E. Cameron of Buena Vista county to succeed him- self, and moved if there were no other nominations that the rule be suspended and the secretary authorized to cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Cameron. Seconded by Mr. St. John. Mo- tion prevailed. Secretary so cast the eighty-four votes for Mr. Cameron. IMr. Cameron resumed the chair and thanked the con- vention for the unanimous election. President next called for nominations for Vice-President. Mr. T. W. Purcell of Franklin county nominated I\Ir. W. C. Bro\m of Wright county to succeed himself, and moved if there were no other nominations that the nominations be closed, the rule sus- pended, and the Secretary authorized to cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Brown. IMotion prevailed and the Secretary so cast the vote for Mr. Brown for Vice-President for the ensuing year. Nominations for Member of the Board from the Second District were called for, ]\Ir. Ferris nominated C. W. Phillips of Jackson county, and moved that the rules be suspended and the Secretary authorized to cast the eighty-four votes of the convention for ]\Ir. Phillips. IMotion prevailed. The Secretary so cast the vote and Mr. Phillips was declared elected Member of the Board from the Second District for the ensuing two years. Nominations for IMember of the Board from the Fourth District were called for. ]\Ir. Judd of Howard county nominated R. T. St. John of Mitchell county to succeed himself. Mr. Flenniken of Clay- ton county placed in nomination E. J. Curtin of Winneshiek county. A ballot was taken which resulted as follows: St. John, 18 ; Curtin, 66. Mr. Curtin having received a majority of the votes cast was declared duly elected Member of the Board from the Fourth District for the ensuing two years. For IMember of the Board from the Sixth District, IMr. Nowak of Poweshiek county placed in nomination T. C. Legoe of Keokuk county, and moved if there Avere no other nominations that the rules be suspended and the Secretary instructed to cast the entire vote of NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 161 the convention for Mr. Legoe. Secretary so cast the vote and Mr. Legoe was declared elected Member of the Board from the Sixth District for the ensuing 'two years. Nominations for Member of the Board from the Eighth District were called for. Mr. Hoffman of Decatur county nominated John Ledgerwood of Clarke county and moved if there were no other nominations that the rules be suspended and the Seretary instructed to cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Ledgerwood. Motion prevailed, the Secretary so cast the vote and Mr. Ledger- wood was declared elected member of the board from the Eighth District for the ensuing two years. For Member of the Board from the Tenth District, Mr. Mullan of Pocahontas county placed in nomination 0. A. Olson of Winne- bago county, and moved if there were no other nominations that the rules be suspended and the Secretary instructed to cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Olson. Motion prevailed. Secretary so cast the vote and Mr. Olson was declared duly elected Member of the Board from the Tenth District for the ensuing two years. Mr. Graham of Monroe county offered the following resolution : Resolved, That it is the sense of this convention that the so-called free seed distribution by the government should be discontinued, and that we recommend and urge our representatives in congress to use all rea- sonable means for the discontinuance of the same. Motion prevailed and the resolution was adopted. On motion the convention adjourned. C. E. Cameron, President. J. C. Simpson, Secretary. 11 PART V. SYNOPSIS OF PROCEEDINGS OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND COMMITTEE MEETINGS 1908. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. December 27, 1907. Committee met with all members present. The object of the meet- ing was to consider and look over revised plans for the Administra- tion Building as per resolution of the Board. After giving careful consideration to the revised plan for said building the Secretary was instructed to have the architect proceed at once on the work of pre- paring complete plans and specifications as per sketch agreed upon. It was also agreed to invite bids on the various parts of the work as well as upon the building as a whole Bond of the Secretary for Ten Thousand Dollars ($10,000.00) was approved. The committee looked after several details in regard to the grounds, after which a motion was made to adjourn. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. January 22, 1908. Committee met with members Cameron and Simpson present The speed program for the 1908 fair was considered and finally agreed upon as per published program in the Premium List. NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V im January 23, 1908. Members of the committee attended the joint meeting at Chicago on the 23d, composed of the Officers and amusement committees of the Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Indiana State Fairs. The purpose of this meeting was to discuss the amusements for the various State Fairs. January 24, 1908. Committee attended a meeting at Columbus, Ohio, composed of all the State Fairs of the central west. The purpose of the meeting was to consider a uniform classification of rules and premiums at the various State Fairs. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. February 18, 1908. Committee met with all members present. This being the date set for receiving bids for the construction of the Administration Building ; the hour having arrived the committee proceeded to open and list all bids filed for all classes of work. After opening the bids it was agreed to call the meeting of the Board on Friday, February 21st, and submit to them a full list of all bids received. A list of the bids will be found in the minutes of the Board. The committee considered some slight revision of the premium list with reference to the Horticultural and Horse Departments and ap- proved the recommendations submitted by the superintendents of the above departments. It was decided to hold a meeting of the committee on the 10th of March for the purpose of receiving pro- posals for attractions and amusements for the 1908 fair. On motion the committee adjourned. MEETING OF THE BOARD OF MANAGERS FOR THE IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION. February 21, 1908. Board met as per call of the President at 9 o'clock A. M. with all members present. The President stated that the purpose of the meeting was to consider bids received which had been received by the Executive Committee for the erection of the Administration Building at the State Fair and Exposition Grounds. He further 164 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE stated that in compliance with the resolution of the Board at their December meeting the Executive Committee had instructed the architects to revise their former plans and specifications and ask for bids. The bids were received at the meeting of the Executive Com- mittee on the 18th of the present month and were respectfully referred to the meeting of the full Board. The bids for the Administration Building received and opened on Tuesday, February 18th, by the committee were as follows: FORM OF PEOPOSAL. All bids must be submitted in the following form : Mr. J. C. Simpson, Secretary State Board of Agriculture, Des Moines, Iowa. Dear Sib: — The undersigned having carefully examined the drawings and read the specifications prepared by Smith, Wetherell & Gage, Architects, Des Moines, Iowa, for the Administration Building to be erected on the State Fair Grounds at Des Moines, Iowa, hereby propose: 1. To furnish all material and to execute all parts of the work there- in shown and described, complete for the sum of (Design to be for exterior plastered). W. J. Zitterell $29,348.00 Martin Conroy Co 35,675.00 Chas. Weitz' Sons 27,725.00 Benson & Marxer : 34,495.00 J. E. Lovejoy 31,175.00 Jas. Main & Sons Co 29,000.00 E. W. Nichols & Co 33,057.00 J. B. McGorrisk '. 28,020.00 J. E. Tusant 29,404.95 C. W. Ennis 31,718.80 J. B. Greeley & Son 28,666.00 Whitney-Bergdall 26,912.00 2. To furnish all material and labor and to execute all parts of the work therein shown and described, complete for the sum of: (Design to be brick for outside walls.) W. J. Zitterell $31,536.00 Martin Conroy Co 35,975.00 Chas. Weitz' Sons 30,588.52 Benson & Marxer 37,161.00 J. E. Lovejoy 34,000.00 Jas. Main & Sons Co 31,500.00 E. W. Nichols & Co 35,200.00 NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 165 J. B. McGorrisk 29,552.00 J. E. Tusant 30,343.75 C. W. Ennis 33,300.00 J. B. Greeley & Son 32,718.00 Whitney-Bergdall 29,578.00 3. Building complete with plaster exterior desing omitting the plaster- ing, finish, finished floors and second story interior; also wall studs of this story for interior partitions and ceiling joist except those necessary for hearings to support roof work, for me sum of: W. J. Zitterell $25,900.00 Martin Conroy Co 31,250.00 Chas. Weitz' Sons 24,716.83 Benson & Marxer 30,939.00 J. E. Lovejoy 28,700.00 Jas. Main & Sons Co 24,900.00 E. W. Nichols & Co 31,000.00 J. B, McGorrisk 24,921.00 J. E. Tusant 27,110.40 C. W. Ennis 29,218.00 J. B. Greeley & Son 26,206.00 Whitney-Bergdall 24,598.00 4. Building complete with hrick design, omitting the plastering, finish, finishing floors of second story interior; also wall studs of this story for interior partitions and ceiling joist except those necessary for bearings to support roof work, for the sum of: W. J. Zitterell $28,600.00 Martin Conroy Co 31,219.00 Chas. Weitz' Sons 27,572.35 Benson & Marxer 33,895.00 J. E. Lovejoy 31,525.00 Jas. Main & Sons Co 28,575.00 E. W. Nichols & Co 33,200.00 J. B. McGorrisk 26,453.00 J. E. Tusant 28,048.00 C. W. Ennis 30,718.00 J. B. Greeley & Son 30,252.00 Whitney-Bergdall 27,264.00 5. Building complete with plaster exterior design, omitting the plaster- ing, finish, finished floors of second story interior; also all studs of this story for interior partitions and ceiling joist except those necessary for bearings to support roof work, and all porch work above the porch floor. The central features of porches, front and rear, to be finished as shown, for sum of: W. J. Zitterell $23,400.00 Martin Conroy Co 30,449.00 Chas. Weitz' Sons 22,795.96 Benson & Marxer 28,165.00 J. E. Lovejoy 27,300.00 Jas. Main & Sons Co 23,717.00 166 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE E. W. Nichols & Co 27,500.00 J. B. McGorrisk 23,184.00 J. E. Tusant 24,247.95 C. W. Ennis 28,118.00 J. B. Greeley & Son 25,896.00 Whitney-Bergdall 23,304.00 6. Building complete with brick exterior design, omitting the plaster- ing, finish, finished floors of second story interior; also all wall studs of this story for interior partitions and ceiling joist except those neces- sary for bearings to support roof work, and all porch work above the porch floor, for the sum of: W. J. Zitterell $26,945.00 Martin Conroy Co 32,338.00 Chas. Weitz' Sons 24,125.07 Benson & Marxer 30,405.00 J. E. Lovejoy 29,825.00 Jas. Main & Sons Co 24,870.00 E. W. Nichols & Co 31,300.00 J. B. McGorrisk 23,585.00 J. E. Tusant 25,186.75 C. W. Ennis 29,618.00 J. B. Greeley & Son 29,450.00 Whitney-Bergdall 25,968.00 7. If Y. P. floors are put in where cement floors are called for on plan, deduct: W. J. Zttierell $ 188.00 Martin Conroy Co 150.00 Chas. Weitz' Sons 256.70 Benson & Marxer 402.00 J. E. Lovejoy 90.00 Jas. Main & Sons Co 300.00 E. W. Nichols & Co 125.00 J. B. McGorrisk 276.00 J. E. Tusant 166.60 C. W. Ennis 250.00 J. B. Greeley & Son 500.00 Whitney-Bergdall '. 150.00 8. If cement floors in basement are omitted, deduct: W. J. Zitterell $ 633.00 Martin Conroy Co 850.00 Chas. Weitz' Sons 700.00 Benson & Marxer 796.00 J. E. Lovejoy 550.00 Jas. Mains & Sons Co 650.00 E. W. Nichols & Co 250.00 J. B. McGorrisk 535.00 J. E. Tusant 750.00 C. W. Ennis 640.00 J. B. Greeley & Son 675.00 Whitney-Bergdall 1,100.00 NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 167 9. If cupboards, shelving, interior doors and frames of basement, stairs from first story to basement are omitted, deduct: W. J. Zitterel $ 771.00 Martin Conroy Co 750.00 Chas. Weitz' Sons 350.00 Benson & Marxer 963.00 J. E. Lovejoy 350.00 Jas. Main & Sons Co 400.00 E. W. Nichols & Co 500.00 J. B. McGorrisk 600.00 J. E. Tusant 795.00 C. W. Eunis 500.00 J. B. Greeley & Son 1,100.00 Whitney-Bergdall '. 525.00 hereby agree that if proposal is accepted to enter into contract and furnish itemized schedule and bond as required within ten days after notification of such acceptance, and as a guarantee thereof, herewith submit certified check on bank of for $ , being 3% of the above bid, subject to the conditions set forth in the general conditions forming a part of the specifications. Respectfully submitted. Contractor. FORM OF PROPOSAL. All bids must be submitted on the following form : Me. J. C. Simpson, Secretary State Board of Agriculture, Des Moines, Iowa. Dear Sir: — The undersigned having carefully examined the drawings and read the specifications prepared by Smith, Wetherell & Gage, Architects, Des Moines, Iowa, for the Plumbing of the Administration Building, to be erected on the State Fair Grounds at Des Moines, Iowa, hereby propose: 1. To furnish all material and labor and to execute all parts of of the work therein shown and described complete, except the sewer pipe between building and cess pool, for the sum of: Wallace & Linnane $2,655.00 Globe Plumbing & Heating Co 3,150.00 Des Moines Plumbing and Heating Co 2,750.00 A. W. Walker & Co 2,600.00 2. Will put sewer pipe in between cess pool and building, for per lineal foot: Wallace & Linnane • $ .75 Globe Plumbing & Heating Co .50 Des Moines Plumbing & Heating Co .45 A. H. Walker & Co 75 168 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 3. If steam cookers are omitted, deduct: Wallace & Linnane $ 200.00 Globe Plumbing & Heating Co 163.00 Des Moines Plumbing & Heating Co 300.00 A. H. Walker & Co 160.00 4. If ranges are omitted, deduct: Wallace & Linnane $ 200.00 Globe Plumbing & Heating Co 200.00 Des Moines Plumbing & Heating Co 135.00 A. H. Walker & Co 170.00 5. If boiler supplying steam to steam cookers is omitted, deduct: Wallace «B; Linnane $ 225.00 Globe Plumbing & Heating Co 143.00 Des Moines Plumbing & Heating Co 200.00 A. H. Walker & Co 185.00 ... .7 hereby agree if proposal is accepted to enter into contract and furnish itemized proposal and bond as required within ten days after notification of such acceptance, and as a guarantee thereof, herewith submit certified check on bank of for $ , being 3% of the above bid, subject to the conditions set forth in the general conditions forming a part of the specifications. Respectfully submitted. Contrax3tor. After examining the bids, it was decided that if a building was to be erected it should be of brick. The following resolution was offered, and upon roll call unani- mously adopted: "Resolved, That contracts for the Administration Building be awarded to the lowest responsible bidder under proposition No. 4 of the form of proposal, viz: general contract to J. B. McGorrisk at $26,453.00, with an option until October 1st on his bid of $29,552.00 under proposition No. 2 of the form of proposal; plumbing contract to A. H. Walker & Co. at $1,545.00, with an option until October 1st for finishing as per proposal No. 1 at $2,600.00. Be it Further Resolved, That the Executive Committee be and are here- by authorized to execute said contracts and such other expenditures for improvements at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds as in their judgment are needed or necessary. Be It Further Resolved, That the Executive Committee are hereby authorized and empowered to make such minor modifications in the plan of the Administration Building as may seem to them advisable." The following resolution with reference to the management of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition was reported by the special com- imtte and upon roll coll adopted by a unanimous vote : NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 169 "Resolved, That the general management of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition be delegated to the Executive Committee as provided in Sec- tion 1657-i, Chapter 3, of the Supplement to the Code of Iowa, and that said Executive Committee be and is hereby authorized to employ a secre- tary or clerk at a salary of not to exceed twelve hundred dollars ($1200.) per year, said salary to be paid from the receipts of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition." "Resolved, That the Board of Directors of the Iowa Department of Agriculture hereby extend a cordial invitation to the American Breeders' Association to hold its next annual meeting in Des Moines in January, 1909, or at such time as may suit the convenience of that Association." "Resolved, That the Board of Directors of the Iowa Department of Agriculture hereby extend a cordial invitation to the American Berk- shire Congress to hold its next annual meeting in Des Moines, January, 1909, or as such time as may suit the convenience of the Congress." The Committee on Per Diem and Mileage appointed by the Presi- dent submitted the following report and on motion same was adopted and the Secretary instructed to issue warrants in payment of same : Mr. President: Your Committee on Per Diem and Mileage beg leave to report as follows: Name Days Rate Amt. Miles Amt. Total C.E.Cameron 6 $4.00 $24.00 140 $14.00 $38.00 W.C.Brown 3 4.00 12.00 102 10.20 22.20 R. S. Johnston 3 4.00 12.00 158 15.80 27.80 C. W. Phillips 3 4.00 12.00 12.00 E.M.Reeves 3 4.00 12.00 123 12.30 24.30 R. T. St. John 3 4.00 12.00 195 19.50 31.50 S.B.Packard 3 4.00 12.00 58 5.80 17.80 T. C. Legoe 3 4.00 12.00 100 10.00 22.00 C. F. Curtiss 3 4.00 12.00 37 3.70 15.70 John Ledgerwood 3 4.00 12.00 64 6.40 18.40 M. McDonald 3 4.00 12.00 65 6.50 18.50 O.A.Olson 3 4.00 12.00 155 15.50 27.50 H. L. Pike 3 4.00 12.00 200 20.00 32.00 John Ledgeewood, H. L. Pike, R. S. JOHNSTOX, Committee. It was moved and carried that all unfinished business be delegated to the Executive Committee with full authority and power to act. Resolution was adopted authorizing the payment to Smith, Weth- erell & Gage, architects, 3 per cent for plans and specifications and 1 per cent for supervision in the construction of the Administra- tion Building. On motion the Board adjourned. 170 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AUDITING COMMITTEE MEETING. Friday, February 21, 1908. Auditing Committee met and approved the following bills for which warrants had been issued : 6217 Am. Ass'n of Fairs and Expositions, dues $ 35.00 6218 Mrs. F. H. Schoenhut, services revising 1907 prem. list 10.00 6219 C. G. Morrison, corn 32.75 6220 Henry Deets, painting 10.00 6221 Bertha Herr, exp. Pure Food Com 1.00 6222 John Hethershaw, services at corn show 7.00 6223 Fred Hethershaw, services as supt. corn show 10.00 6224 Mrs. C. N. Smith, 1907 premiums 5.00 6225 H. C. Wallace, expense of speakers at S. F. Institute 24.65 6226 G. C. Fuller, December salary 100.00 6227 C. E. Cameron, Ex. Com. meeting 22.00 6228 W. C. Brown, Ex. Com. meeting 18.20 6229 W. A. McKarrov/, services and expenses, S. F. Institute 31.22 6230 D. M. Water Works Co., water 7.38 6231 Jas. H. Deemer, December salary 83.33 6232 Jas. H. Deemer, Supt, pay roll 106.00 6233 M. R. Mason & Son, insurance 35.00 6234 Blaise & Blaise, rept. annual meeting, S. F. Institute 55.10 6235 Blaise & Blaise, rept. annual meeting, S. F. Institute 8.20 6236 W. C. Brown, special com. work. Privilege Dept " 22.20 6237 J. I. Myerly, P. M., stamps 40.00 6238 G. C. Fuller, January salary 100.00 6239 J. C. Simpson, exp. trip to Chicago and Columbus, Ohio 48.50 6240 Jas. H. Deemer, Supt. pay roll 221.30 6241 C. G. Morrison, straw 273.37 6242 Jas. H. Deemer, January salary 83.33 6243 Baker-Trisler Co., office supplies 6.57 6244 W. U. Telegraph Co., telegrams 2.54 6245 Iowa Telephone Co., toll charges 11.50 6246 Mutual Telephone Co., toll charges and rental 18.50 6247 Ferguson Printing Co., printing 76.40 6248 N. W. Ayer & Son, newspaper directory 5.00 6249 Iowa Drug Co., itemized bill, Dairy Dept, Fair, 1907 50 6250 T. F. Shannon, views at fair grounds 31.70 6251 Ben Wolgar, shoeing bill j. . . 39.25 6252 O'Dea Hardware Co., glass, etc 5.22 6253 Purcell Printing Co., printing premium warrants 15.00 6254 John Sundberg, judging winter corn show 21.90 6255 Sanders Pub. Co., photographs of fair grounds and horse book 29.50 6256 Geo. M. King, sewer pipe 3.00 6257 Iowa Pipe & Tile Co., pipe and tile 10.75 6258 C. E. Cameron, exp. trip to Chicago and Columbus, Ohio 49.15 6259 W. C. Brown, exp. trip to Chicago and Detroit 42.20 NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 171 The following bills and claims were approved and Secretary in- structed to issue warrants in payment of same : 6273 W. C. Brown, Ex. Com. work $ 22.20 6274 Jas. H. Deemer, Supt. pay roll 153.80 6275 C. G. Morrison, corn 18.57 6276 A. R. Corey, February salary 90.00 6277 J. C. Simpson, clerk to Ex. Cora 100.00 6278 Jas. H. Deemer, February salary 83.33 6279 Chas. Koenigsberger, supplies 3.25 6280 J. A. Backman, supplies 11.50 6281 Daily Capital, subscription to Feb. 1, 1908 2.50 6282 Daily News, subscription to Jan. 1, 1908 6.00 6283 Geo. A. Miller Ptg. Co., supplies 11.90 6284 Chas. A. Laurence, subscription Railway Guide 2.00 6285 Improvement Bulletin, advertising 8.00 6286 D. M. Rubber Stamp Works, stamps 2.80 6287 Merchants Transfer & Storage Co., drayage 25 6288 Geo. Ferguson, 500 2c stamps 10.00 6289 R. L. Polk & Co., city directory 6.00 6290 Koch Bros. Ptg. Co., warrant and claim registers 29.75 6291 Armstrong Press, printing envelopes 20.40 6292 Iowa Lithographing Co., printing stationery and warrants.. 61.85 6293 Bert Perkins, wiring R. I. Plow Co. exhibit, fair 1907 5.13 6294 Wm. R. Jenkins, book, "Clean Milk" 2.50 6295 Mutual Telephone Co., toll charges 65 6296 Wilcox, Howell & Hopkins, insurance 52.50 6297 E. D. Chassell, binding award books 2.00 6298 Star Engraving Co., engraving 3.50 6299 Billboard Pub. Co., subscription 4.00 6300 D. M. Water Co., rental Jan. and Feb., fair grounds 20.30 6301 Globe Mchy. & Supply Co., supplies 4.05 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. February 22, 1908. Committee met as per previous arrangement, with all members present Contract was signed with J. B. McGorrisk for the building of the Administration Building as per his Number 4 bid, viz. : $26,453.00. The plumbing contract was awarded to A. H. Walker Company, the, total amount of his bid accepted being $1,545.00. The Secretary was instructed to issue warrants in payment of esti- mates on said contracts from time to time, as per contract. It was agreed to use the present Secretary's office building at the Fair Grounds for an exhibit from the various departments of the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. 172 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE J. C. Simpson was selected as clerk to the Executive Committee and for extra services in connection with the work of said com- mittee he was to receive twelve hundred dollars per annum, pay- able monthly, by warrant drawn upon the Treasurer, and said com- pensation for extra services to date from February 1, 1908 Warrant w^as issued to W. C. Brown for per diem and mileage for Executive Committee meeting. On motion the committee adjourned. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. March 10-18, 1908. Conunittee met with all members present. The purpose of the meeting as stated by the President was to discuss and outline as nearly as possible at this time the amusement program for the Iowa State Fair and Exposition of 1908, the policy and best method of advertising, a permanent plat or arrangement of the State Fair Grounds with special reference to the location of the new adminis- tration building, improvements and repair work needed to put the buildings and grounds in shape for the fair, and any other business which might come before them. The Secretary presented the matter of the possibility of holding the National Dairy Show at the State Fair and Exposition Grounds in October and November of the present year, stating that Gov. A. B. Cummins had expressed a wish that the State Board of Agri- culture give their consent to use the grounds for this purpose, it being a national show in character and the state would be highly honored and benefited by having it held within its borders. The following resolution was offered and unanimously adopted by the committee: Whereas, The attention of the Executive Committee has been called to the possibility of bringing the next meeting of the National Dairy Show to Iowa; and Whebeas, The Executive Committee believes it would be not only a great honor but a material benefit to the dairy interest of our state to have this show held within its borders; and Wheeeas, The most suitable place for the holding of said show is at the State Fair grounds, therefore, be it Resolved, That the free use of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition grounds and such buildings as are necessary and may be agreed upon by the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, be tendered to the ofl&cers and managers of the National Dairy Show or the local committee having NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V . 173 the arrangements in charge, provided, that any and all expenses incidental to or in preparing the grounds and buildings, water rental, maintenance of electric light plant, closets, providing proper fire protection, etc., during the time of the show, the cleaning up and putting the grounds and buildings in as good condition as they were before said show was held, is paid by the management of said National Dairy Show or local committee in charge. The Secretary was instructed to send the following telegram to the National Creamery and Buttermakers Association : To the National Creamery & Buttermakers' Association Convention, St. Paul, Minn. The Iowa State Board of Agriculture send you greetings and extend to you a most cordial and hearty invitation to select Des Moines as the place of holding your next annual convention. (Signed) J. C. Simpson, Dated March 11, 1908. Secretary. Secretary informed the committee of the time and place for the holding of the next National Corn Exposition; the place being Omaha and the time the second and third weeks in December. The following resolution was unanimously adopted by the committee : Whebeas, The managers of the National Com Show and Exposition have selected Omaha, Neb., as the place for holding their second annual corn show; and Whebeas, The Executive Committee of the Iowa State Board of Agri- culture believe this show will promote and educate the corn growers in the great corn belt of America; and Whebeas, Iowa being the leading corn growing state, being alive at all times to any movement which will benefit her farmers in educating them along the lines of improvement in their work, therefore be it Resolved, That the Executive Committee pledge themselves and the Iowa State Board of Agriculture to lend every possible assistance to see that Iowa is creditably represented by a good exhibit. The committee spent considerable time at the Fair Grounds in- specting the necessary improvements and repairs to be made prior to the 1909 Fair. Representatives of the various amusement and attraction agencies appeared and personally submitted a list of attractions to the committee. Committee also received propositions from various bands, all of which were placed on file to be taken up by the committee later in the week. The Secretary was instructed to employ such additional clerical assistance from time to time as needed, and to issue warrants in payment for such services at the end of each month. 174 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE After considering the various propositions offered for music and other amusements for the State Fair the following contracts were let: Pain Pyrotechnic Co., the spectacle "Sheridan's Ride," four nights $4,000.00 C. P. Graham's orchestra 207.00 G. W. Tremain, Mgr., 56th Regiment Band 825.00 F. M. Barnes, representing the Barnes Western The- atrical Exchange, for five vaudeville acts 2,300.00 B. E. Gregory, one vaudeville act 125.00 Prof. L. F. Sunline, one act 250.00 Park Booking Circuit, two acts 650.00 A. Liberati, for his military band and Grand Opera Co., sixty people 3,600.00 Western Vaudeville Association, one act 1,000.00 Warrants for per diem and mileage were issued as follows : 6304 C. E. Cameron $50.00 6303 W. C. Brown 43.00 On motion the committee adjourned. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. April 16-18, 1908. Committee met with all members present. The committee spent most of the time at the Fair Grounds in con- sultation in regard to the various works in progress and instructions were given to the Superintendent as to how to proceed in the future. The Secretary presented an estimate for the advertising budget for 1908. Budget was considered by the committee and it Avas agreed to carry paid advertisements with the county newspapers, not to ex- ceed six hundred in number. The balance of the budget as pre- sented by the Secretary was approved. His estimate amounting in the agregate to approximately seventy-five hundred dollars (7,500). After considering the details with reference to the coming State Fair the committee adjourned on motion. Warrants were issued for per diem and mileage as follows: 6311 C. E. Cameron $30.00 6312 W. C. Brown 38.20 NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 175 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING. May 21, 22, 23, 1908. Committee met with all members present. A statement of the insurance carried on the buildings on the Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds was presented, showing the total insurance in force, amount of premium, with date of expir- ation : a ^ P '^ ^ S ' Building Insured o^ *a